Performance of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, clusterin, and cystatin C in predicting diabetic kidney disease and diabetic microalbuminuria: a consecutive cohort study

Table 1 Patient demographic data and clinical characteristics

Characteristics	DKD(n = 42)	non-DKD(n = 104)	Control(n = 30)	p value
Age (years)^a	55.7 ± 15.7	57.6 ± 12.7	55.9 ± 13.3	0.815
Male (%), n	57.1% (24)	57.7% (60)	56.7%(17)	0.920
Diabetes duration (years)^a	14.0 ± 3.6	9.3 ± 2.3	-	0.000
Systolic pressure (mmHg)^a	119.5 ± 8.4	116.5 ± 10.7	117.3 ± 9.2	0.113
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)^a	77.6 ± 5.7	77.3 ± 4.1	78.7 ± 5.0	0.789
HbA_1c (%)^a	7.8 ± 2.3	8.5 ± 1.8	5.2 ± 0.9	0.015
BMI (kg/m²) ^a	24.5 ± 0.84	23.4 ± 0.67	23.0 ± 0.75	0.734
hs-CRP (mg/l) ^b	8.2 (4.6, 10.7)	10.1 (5.6, 15.8)	1.8 (0.8, 2.8)	0.000
Diabetic retinopathy (%), n	35.5% (15)	19.2% (20)	-	0.035
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)^b	1.49 (1.18,1.84)	0.86 (0.76,1.02)	0.92 (0.81, 1.12)	0.000
eGFR (ml/min per 1.73m²)^b	78.0 (68.5, 89.4)	93.5 (89.0, 97.3)	92.3 (85.6, 94.3)	0.000
Serum cholesterol (mg/dl)^a	177.7 ± 40.8	188.4 ± 41.4	183.5 ± 38.9	0.213
Serum triglycerides (mg/dl)^a	202.9 ± 82.1	189.1 ± 81.1	162.0 ± 65.6	0.278
Urine microalbuminuria (μg/ml)^b	285.0 (60.1, 514.6)	16.7 (7.1, 37.6)	11.3 (5.5, 14.3)	0.000
UACR (mg/g•cr)^b	405.0 (90.6, 752.7)	24.7 (13.1, 57.1)	26.6 (12.5, 37.7)	0.000
Urine NGAL (ng/ml)^b	113.0 (37.5, 549.8)	26.0 (15.8, 58.3)	13.2 (11.0, 16.0)	0.000
Urine CLU (ng/ml)^b	761.0 (388.7, 986.3)	253.4 (136.5, 572.6)	228.4 (157.3, 301.7)	0.000
Urine CysC (ng/ml)^b	0.85 (0.56, 1.30)	0.30 (0.19, 0.44)	0.18 (0.12, 0.19)	0.000

DKD diabetic kidney disease, HbA _1c haemoglobin A_1C, BMI body mass index, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR urinary albumin creatinine ratio, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, CLU clusterin, CysC Cystatin C. ^a mean ± SD, ^b median (IQR). p values in bold numerals suggest significant values.

ISSN: 1471-2369