Table 1 Characteristics of patients at baseline in the training and validation data sets

Age (years)

67.50 ± 13.52 (66.5–68.5)

67.82 ± 13.60 (66.22–69.4)

0.95

51.77 ± 16.50 (49.70–53.84)

< 0.01

Sex, n(%)

0.31

< 0.01

 Male

570 (72.06%)

222 (65.10%)

158 (53.20%)

 Female

227 (27.94%)

119 (34.90%)

139 (47.80%)

BMI (kg/m2)

23.71 ± 4.04 (23.41–24.01)

23.80 ± 4.10 (23.32–24.28)

0.78

23.36 ± 3.87 (23.36–24.33)

0.59

Aetiology of CKD

0.73

< 0.01

 Diabetic nephropathy, n(%)

194 (24.34%)

93 (27.27%)

40 (13.47%)

 Nephrosclerosis, n (%)

325 (40.78%)

126 (36.95%)

17 (5.72%)

 Glomerulonephritis, n (%)

150 (18.82%)

66 (19.36%)

177 (59.60%)

 Other, n (%)

128 (16.06%)

56 (16.42%)

63 (21.21%)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

139.64 ± 22.52 (137.98–141.31)

141.16 ± 22.83 (138.48–143.83)

0.57

140.16 ± 25.86 (136.92–143.41)

0.23

Serum albumin(g/dL)

3.85 ± 0.62 (3.80–3.89)

3.80 ± 0.71 (3.72–3.89)

0.75

3.64 ± 0.69 (3.56–3.73)

< 0.01

Haemoglobin(g/dL)

11.89 ± 2.34 (11.72–12.06)

11.83 ± 2.09 (11.59–12.08)

0.89

11.48 ± 2.53 (11.16–11.80)

< 0.01

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

32.46 ± 18.47 (31.09–33.83)

31.09 ± 18.54 (28.92–33.26)

0.34

38.80 ± 23.92 (35.79–41.80)

0.01

Hypertension, n(%)

719 (90.21%)

308 (90.32%)

0.96

178 (59.93%)

0.01

Cardiovascular disease, n(%)

220 (27.60%)

85 (24.93%)

0.35

56 (18.86%)

Diabetic, n(%)

285 (35.76%)

137 (40.18%)

0.16

70 (23.57%)

Dipstick proteinuria, n (%)

0.16

< 0.01

 -1

183 (23.28%)

75 (22.32%)

39 (13.13%)

 0

109 (13.87%)

45 (13.39%)

12 (4.04%)

 1

112 (14.25%)

51 (15.58%)

45 (15.15%)

 2

173 (22.01%)

73 (21.73%)

81 (27.27%)

 3 or 4

209 (26.58%)

92 (27.38%)

120 (40.41%)

CKD stages

0.43

< 0.01

 1

0

0

10 (3.37%)

 2

63 (7.90%)

32 (9.38%)

48 (16.16%)

 3

337 (42.28%)

133 (39%)

106 (35.69%)

 4

261 (32.75%)

103 (30.21%)

88 (29.63%)

 5

136 (17.06%)

73 (21.41%)

45 (15.15%)

Urinary occult blood(%)

263 (33.46%)

115 (34.23%)

0.8

183 (61.62%)

< 0.01

 RAS inhibitors

499 (37.39%)

221 (35.19%)

0.48

215 (72.39%)

< 0.01

 CCB

379 (47.55%)

157 (46.04%)

0.64

202 (68.01%)

< 0.01

 Diuretics

261 (32.74%)

120 (35.19%)

0.42

198 (66.67%)

< 0.01

Adverse outcomes (%)

0.44

< 0.01

 No

606 (76.04%)

252 (73.9%)

189 (63.64%)

 Yes

191 (23.96%)

89 (26.10%)

108 (36.36%)

eGFR halving

/

/

21 (7.07%)

ESRD

/

/

75 (25.25%)

CVEs

/

/

9 (3.03%)

death

/

/

3 (1.01%)

hepatic disease

/

/

23 (7.74%)

cancers

/

/

13 (4.38%)