Table 3 Risk factors of CI-AKI
Types | Related risk factors | Examples | Guide or conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|
Patient-related risk factors | Elderly population | > 60 yr | The 2019 ACR |
Did not consider advanced age as a risk factor. | The 2018 ESUR | ||
eGFR < 45 ml · min− 1 · (1.73 m2) −1 for arterial injection of ICM. | The 2018 ESUR | ||
eGFR < 30 ml · min− 1 · (1.73 m2) −1 for intravenous injection of ICM. | The 2018 ESUR | ||
Especially with associated renal disease. | Diabetes patients have more diseases, so it is not clear diabetes is an independent risk factor for CI-AKI. | ||
Kidney function (CKD or recent AKI) | High serum uric acid | ≥ 8.0 mg/dl | 1440 patients showed that high serum uric acid were associated with an increased risk of CI-AKI. |
Type | Ionic, high-osmolar ICM | The risk of CI-AKI is increased. | |
Diabetes | Dose | High doses of ICM | The use of higher doses of ICM is associated with an increase in the incidence and mortality of CI-AKI. |
The route of administration | Arterial injection of ICM has a higher risk of CI ⁃ AKI compared to intravenous injection. | The 2018 ESUR | |
Medication-related risk factors | Concurrent nephrotoxic drugs | Including nonselective NSAIDs, selective Cox-2 inhibitors, etc. | The risk of CI-AKI was significantly increased with the combined use of nephrotoxic drugs. |
Detect Scr levels before and after the use of ICM. | The 2018 ESUR | ||
Metformin | A potential risk of lactic acidosis with ICM. But did not consider metformin as a risk factor. | The 2018 ESUR |