Table 1 Characteristic of the cohort by vitamin D deficiency

Age (mean, [SE])

48.2 [0.82]

46.8 [0.92]

51.3 [0.68]

<0.001

Age group

25–44 (%, [SE])

47.5 [2.48]

51.3 [2.80]

39.0 [1.94]

45–64 (%, [SE])

33.9 [1.85]

32.1 [2.11]

37.8 [1.61]

≥65 (%, [SE])

18.6 [1.80]

16.6 [1.93]

23.2 [1.85]

<0.001

Female (% [SE])

49.9 [0.57]

44.0 [0.70]

63.8 [1.71]

<0.001

Europid (% [SE])

87.3 [2.74]

92.1 [1.76]

76.6 [4.48]

<0.001

Diabetes (% [SE])

7.0 [0.66]

5.1 [0.49]

11.1 [1.04]

<0.001

Hypertension (% [SE])

22.5 [1.45]

20.0 [1.74]

28.0 [0.97]

<0.001

Smoking (% [SE])

16.4 [1.77]

16.4 [1.72]

16.4 [2.72]

0.98

Current

History of CVD (% [SE])

6.1 [0.57]

5.1 [0.52]

8.2 [0.80]

<0.001

Season (% [SE])

summer (Dec –Feb)

12.8 [6.72]

16.3 [8.27]

4.9 [2.72]

<0.001

autumn (Mar –May)

14.2 [5.10]

13.3 [4.81]

16.2 [6.04]

winter (Jun –Aug)

26.7 [5.56]

23.3 [5.22]

34.3 [7.31]

spring (Sep –Nov)

46.3 [7.07]

47.1 [7.86]

44.7 [6.56]

BMI (% [SE])

25–29.9

39.2 [0.56]

40.7 [0.78]

36.1 [1.28]

<0.001

≥ 30

20.3 [1.05]

17.3 [1.17]

27.0 [1.60]

Total cholesterol (mean [SE])

5.54 [0.03]

5.43 [0.03]

5.79 [0.03]

<0.001

Location (%, [SE]) Urban

57.0 [10.5]

53.8 [10.7]

64.1 [11.0]

0.11

Albuminuria (%, [SE])

6.9 [0.60]

5.4 [0.52]

10.5 [1.05]

<0.001

eGFR < 60 (%, [SE])

2.7 [0.28]

2.3 [0.30]

3.5 [0.47]

0.03