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Table 1 Characteristics of the overall sample and subgroups defined by KI values

From: A low fractional excretion of Phosphate/Fgf23 ratio is associated with severe abdominal Aortic calcification in stage 3 and 4 kidney disease patients

 

Overall sample

Subgroups defined by Kauppila Index

 

Characteristics

(n = 178)

KI = 0 (n = 57)

KI 1–5 (n = 68)

KI > 5 (n = 53)

P value

Female

37.6 (67)

52.6 (30)

29.4 (20)

32.1 (17)

0.017

Age

69.1 ± 11.6

61 ± 14

71 ± 8

75 ± 6

0.001

BMI (Kg/m2)

28.5 ± 5.2

28.2 ± 6.1

29.2 ± 4.5

27.9 ± 4.9

0.342

Systolic BP (mmHg)

138.9 ± 21.2

134 ± 22

142 ± 19

140 ± 22

0.118

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

72.6 ± 10.9

74 ± 10

73 ± 11

70 ± 12

0.123

Pulse pressure (mmHg)

66.3 ± 19.9

60 ± 21

69 ± 19

70 ± 19

0.011

CKD Stage

    

0.169

 CKD 3

33.7 (60)

42.1 (24)

35.3 (24)

22.6 (12)

 

 CKD 4

66.3 (118)

57.9 (33)

64.7 (44)

77.4 (41)

 

Other conditions

     

 Smokers

38.8 (69)

24.6 (14)

41.2 (28)

50.9 (27)

0.015

 Diabetes mellitus

36.0 (64)

26.3 (15)

41.2 (28)

39.6 (21)

0.179

 Hypertension

95.5 (170)

96.5 (55)

92.6 (63)

98.1 (52)

0.392

Etiology of CKD

    

0.011

 Diabetic nephropathy

18.0 (32)

14 (8)

19.1 (13)

20.8 (11)

 

 Nephrosclerosis

32.6 (58)

19.3 (11)

38.2 (26)

39.6 (21)

 

 Chronic pyelonephritis

18.0 (32)

17.5 (10)

25 (17)

9.4 (5)

 

 Unknown

15.2 (27)

22.8 (13)

10.3 (7)

13.2 (7)

 

 Other

16.3 (29)

26.3 (15)

7.4 (5)

17 (9)

 

History of CD

38.8 (69)

17.5 (10)

42.6 (29)

56.6 (30)

0.001

 Cardiac ischemia

11.2 (20)

5.3 (3)

13.2 (9)

15.1 (8)

0.212

 CHF

23.0 (41)

7 (4)

26.5 (18)

35.8 (19)

0.001

 Stroke

9.1 (16)

5.4 (3)

10.3 (7)

11.5 (6)

0.513

 Peripheral vascular disease

16.9 (30)

12.3 (7)

17.6 (12)

20.8 (11)

0.482

 ABI

0.92 ± 0.25

0.95 ± 0.2

0.91 ± 0.20

0.91 ± 0.33

0.552

 ABI <0.9

37.6 (67)

28.1 (16)

42.6 (29)

41.5 (22)

0.193

Carotid ultrasound

     

 IMT

0.83 ± 0.17

0.72 ± 0.14

0.86 ± 0.15

0.91 ± 0.18

0.001

 Carotid plaque

73.6 (131)

45.6 (26)

82.4 (56)

92.5 (4950)

0.001

Atherosclerosis score

    

0.001

 AS0/AS1

25.8 (46)

54.4 (31)

16.2 (11)

7.5 (4)

 

 AS2

53.9 (96)

33.3 (19)

58.8 (40)

69.8 (37)

 

 AS3

20.2 (36)

12.3 (7)

25 (17)

22.6 (12)

 

Laboratory data

     

 Glucose (mg/dl)

112.7 ± 39.1

107 ± 32

118 ± 45

111 ± 37

0.283

 Cholesterol (mg/dl

166.2 ± 30.9

171 ± 31

161 ± 32

168 ± 29

0.164

 Albumin (g/dl)

4.3 ± 0.3

4.3 ± 0.4

4.3 ± 0.2

4.3 ± 0.2

0.629

 CRP (mg/L)

5.2 ± 6.7

4.7 ± 5.3

4.8 ± 4.8

6.1 ± 9.7

0.468

 Serum creatinine (mg/dl)

2.5 ± 0.7

2.5 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 0.7

2.6 ± 0.7

0.731

 eGFR (ml/min)

27.2 ± 9.6

27.5 ± 9.9

28.2 ± 10.4

25.5 ± 7.9

0.309

 Calcium (mg/dl)

9.2 ± 0.47

9.3 ± 0.46

9.2 ± 0.51

9.2 ± 0.41

0.311

 Phosphate (mg/dl)

3.8 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.8

3.7 ± 0.5

3.8 ± 0.6

0.090

 CaxP product (mg 2 /dl 2 )

34.8 ± 6.0

36.4 ± 7.3

33.6 ± 4.7

34.6 ± 5.5

0.036

 Bone ALP (ug/L)

18.5 ± 9.7

17.4 ± 6.2

18.2 ± 9.0

20.1 ± 12.9

0.336

 PTH(i) (pmol/L)

15.6 ± 9.9

16.2 ± 10.1

14.8 ± 9.9

15.9 ± 9.9

0.711

 25(OH)vitamin D (ng/ml)

22.6 ± 13.6

23.5 ± 17.6

22.6 ± 12.7

21.5 ± 9.1

0.898

 1.25(OH) 2 vitamin D (pg/ml)

16.5 ± 10.4

15.7 ± 8.8

17.6 ± 12.7

15.9 ± 8.4

0.509

 FEP (%)

35.8 ± 11.0

35.6 ± 11.4

36.2 ± 10.7

35.6 ± 11.2

0.931

 FENa (%)

2.4 ± 1.1

2.4 ± 1.1

2.3 ± 0.9

2.6 ± 1.3

0.357

 FECa (%)

0.95 ± 0.8

0.96 ± 0.9

0.99 ± 0.9

0.89 ± 0.5

0.790

 FGF23 (RU/ml)

153.8 ± 111.5

136.1 ± 72.1

130.8 ± 81.9

202.4 ± 156.9

0.001

 Soluble α-klotho (pg/ml)

482.2 ± 223.1

491 ± 250

466 ± 193

493 ± 230

0.739

 Protein Intake (gr/Kg/day)

1.01 ± 0.27

1.01 ± 0.27

1.02 ± 0.28

1.02 ± 0.28

0.977

Medication

     

 Calcium-containing P binders

12.9 (23)

19.3 (11)

8.8 (6)

11.3 (6)

0.202

 Oral vitamin D3

39.3 (70)

36.8 (21)

45.6 (31)

34 (18)

0.386

 Oral active vitamin D

4.5 (8)

5.3 (3)

5.9 (4)

1.9 (1)

0.659

 Antiplatelet

48.3 (86)

31.6 (18)

50 (34)

64.2 (34)

0.002

 Statins

70.8 (126)

59.6 (34)

76.5 (52)

75.5 (40)

0.080

 Diuretics

64.6 (115)

56.1 (32)

60.3 (41)

79.2 (42)

0.025

 Loop diuretics

77.3 (85)

67.7 (21)

79.5 (31)

82.5 (33)

0.311

  1. Data are presented as % (n) = Percentage (number of patients) or Mean ± SD; P values were determined by Chi squared tests (or Fisher exact test in case of expected frequencies lower than 5) for comparison of frequencies, and Kruskal Wallis tests for quantitative variables. Abbreviations: KI, Kauppila Index; BMI, Body mass index; BP, Blood pressure; CD, Cardiovascular disease; CHF, Cardiac heart failure; ABI, Ankle, brachial index; IMT, Intima-media thickness; CRP, C reactive protein; eGFR, Estimated GFR; Bone Alp, Bone alkaline phosphatase; FEP, FECa and FENa indicate fractional excretion of phosphate, calcium and sodium, respectively; AS, Atherosclerosis score.
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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