| |
Overall sample
|
Subgroups defined by Kauppila Index
| |
|---|
|
Characteristics
|
(n = 178)
|
KI = 0 (n = 57)
|
KI 1–5 (n = 68)
|
KI > 5 (n = 53)
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Female
|
37.6 (67)
|
52.6 (30)
|
29.4 (20)
|
32.1 (17)
|
0.017
|
|
Age
|
69.1 ± 11.6
|
61 ± 14
|
71 ± 8
|
75 ± 6
|
0.001
|
|
BMI (Kg/m2)
|
28.5 ± 5.2
|
28.2 ± 6.1
|
29.2 ± 4.5
|
27.9 ± 4.9
|
0.342
|
|
Systolic BP (mmHg)
|
138.9 ± 21.2
|
134 ± 22
|
142 ± 19
|
140 ± 22
|
0.118
|
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
|
72.6 ± 10.9
|
74 ± 10
|
73 ± 11
|
70 ± 12
|
0.123
|
|
Pulse pressure (mmHg)
|
66.3 ± 19.9
|
60 ± 21
|
69 ± 19
|
70 ± 19
|
0.011
|
|
CKD Stage
| | | | |
0.169
|
|
CKD 3
|
33.7 (60)
|
42.1 (24)
|
35.3 (24)
|
22.6 (12)
| |
|
CKD 4
|
66.3 (118)
|
57.9 (33)
|
64.7 (44)
|
77.4 (41)
| |
|
Other conditions
| | | | | |
|
Smokers
|
38.8 (69)
|
24.6 (14)
|
41.2 (28)
|
50.9 (27)
|
0.015
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
36.0 (64)
|
26.3 (15)
|
41.2 (28)
|
39.6 (21)
|
0.179
|
|
Hypertension
|
95.5 (170)
|
96.5 (55)
|
92.6 (63)
|
98.1 (52)
|
0.392
|
|
Etiology of CKD
| | | | |
0.011
|
|
Diabetic nephropathy
|
18.0 (32)
|
14 (8)
|
19.1 (13)
|
20.8 (11)
| |
|
Nephrosclerosis
|
32.6 (58)
|
19.3 (11)
|
38.2 (26)
|
39.6 (21)
| |
|
Chronic pyelonephritis
|
18.0 (32)
|
17.5 (10)
|
25 (17)
|
9.4 (5)
| |
|
Unknown
|
15.2 (27)
|
22.8 (13)
|
10.3 (7)
|
13.2 (7)
| |
|
Other
|
16.3 (29)
|
26.3 (15)
|
7.4 (5)
|
17 (9)
| |
|
History of CD
|
38.8 (69)
|
17.5 (10)
|
42.6 (29)
|
56.6 (30)
|
0.001
|
|
Cardiac ischemia
|
11.2 (20)
|
5.3 (3)
|
13.2 (9)
|
15.1 (8)
|
0.212
|
|
CHF
|
23.0 (41)
|
7 (4)
|
26.5 (18)
|
35.8 (19)
|
0.001
|
|
Stroke
|
9.1 (16)
|
5.4 (3)
|
10.3 (7)
|
11.5 (6)
|
0.513
|
|
Peripheral vascular disease
|
16.9 (30)
|
12.3 (7)
|
17.6 (12)
|
20.8 (11)
|
0.482
|
|
ABI
|
0.92 ± 0.25
|
0.95 ± 0.2
|
0.91 ± 0.20
|
0.91 ± 0.33
|
0.552
|
|
ABI <0.9
|
37.6 (67)
|
28.1 (16)
|
42.6 (29)
|
41.5 (22)
|
0.193
|
|
Carotid ultrasound
| | | | | |
|
IMT
|
0.83 ± 0.17
|
0.72 ± 0.14
|
0.86 ± 0.15
|
0.91 ± 0.18
|
0.001
|
|
Carotid plaque
|
73.6 (131)
|
45.6 (26)
|
82.4 (56)
|
92.5 (4950)
|
0.001
|
|
Atherosclerosis score
| | | | |
0.001
|
|
AS0/AS1
|
25.8 (46)
|
54.4 (31)
|
16.2 (11)
|
7.5 (4)
| |
|
AS2
|
53.9 (96)
|
33.3 (19)
|
58.8 (40)
|
69.8 (37)
| |
|
AS3
|
20.2 (36)
|
12.3 (7)
|
25 (17)
|
22.6 (12)
| |
|
Laboratory data
| | | | | |
|
Glucose (mg/dl)
|
112.7 ± 39.1
|
107 ± 32
|
118 ± 45
|
111 ± 37
|
0.283
|
|
Cholesterol (mg/dl
|
166.2 ± 30.9
|
171 ± 31
|
161 ± 32
|
168 ± 29
|
0.164
|
|
Albumin (g/dl)
|
4.3 ± 0.3
|
4.3 ± 0.4
|
4.3 ± 0.2
|
4.3 ± 0.2
|
0.629
|
|
CRP (mg/L)
|
5.2 ± 6.7
|
4.7 ± 5.3
|
4.8 ± 4.8
|
6.1 ± 9.7
|
0.468
|
|
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)
|
2.5 ± 0.7
|
2.5 ± 0.8
|
2.5 ± 0.7
|
2.6 ± 0.7
|
0.731
|
|
eGFR (ml/min)
|
27.2 ± 9.6
|
27.5 ± 9.9
|
28.2 ± 10.4
|
25.5 ± 7.9
|
0.309
|
|
Calcium (mg/dl)
|
9.2 ± 0.47
|
9.3 ± 0.46
|
9.2 ± 0.51
|
9.2 ± 0.41
|
0.311
|
|
Phosphate (mg/dl)
|
3.8 ± 0.6
|
3.9 ± 0.8
|
3.7 ± 0.5
|
3.8 ± 0.6
|
0.090
|
|
CaxP product (mg
2
/dl
2
)
|
34.8 ± 6.0
|
36.4 ± 7.3
|
33.6 ± 4.7
|
34.6 ± 5.5
|
0.036
|
|
Bone ALP (ug/L)
|
18.5 ± 9.7
|
17.4 ± 6.2
|
18.2 ± 9.0
|
20.1 ± 12.9
|
0.336
|
|
PTH(i) (pmol/L)
|
15.6 ± 9.9
|
16.2 ± 10.1
|
14.8 ± 9.9
|
15.9 ± 9.9
|
0.711
|
|
25(OH)vitamin D (ng/ml)
|
22.6 ± 13.6
|
23.5 ± 17.6
|
22.6 ± 12.7
|
21.5 ± 9.1
|
0.898
|
|
1.25(OH)
2
vitamin D (pg/ml)
|
16.5 ± 10.4
|
15.7 ± 8.8
|
17.6 ± 12.7
|
15.9 ± 8.4
|
0.509
|
|
FEP (%)
|
35.8 ± 11.0
|
35.6 ± 11.4
|
36.2 ± 10.7
|
35.6 ± 11.2
|
0.931
|
|
FENa (%)
|
2.4 ± 1.1
|
2.4 ± 1.1
|
2.3 ± 0.9
|
2.6 ± 1.3
|
0.357
|
|
FECa (%)
|
0.95 ± 0.8
|
0.96 ± 0.9
|
0.99 ± 0.9
|
0.89 ± 0.5
|
0.790
|
|
FGF23 (RU/ml)
|
153.8 ± 111.5
|
136.1 ± 72.1
|
130.8 ± 81.9
|
202.4 ± 156.9
|
0.001
|
|
Soluble α-klotho (pg/ml)
|
482.2 ± 223.1
|
491 ± 250
|
466 ± 193
|
493 ± 230
|
0.739
|
|
Protein Intake (gr/Kg/day)
|
1.01 ± 0.27
|
1.01 ± 0.27
|
1.02 ± 0.28
|
1.02 ± 0.28
|
0.977
|
|
Medication
| | | | | |
|
Calcium-containing P binders
|
12.9 (23)
|
19.3 (11)
|
8.8 (6)
|
11.3 (6)
|
0.202
|
|
Oral vitamin D3
|
39.3 (70)
|
36.8 (21)
|
45.6 (31)
|
34 (18)
|
0.386
|
|
Oral active vitamin D
|
4.5 (8)
|
5.3 (3)
|
5.9 (4)
|
1.9 (1)
|
0.659
|
|
Antiplatelet
|
48.3 (86)
|
31.6 (18)
|
50 (34)
|
64.2 (34)
|
0.002
|
|
Statins
|
70.8 (126)
|
59.6 (34)
|
76.5 (52)
|
75.5 (40)
|
0.080
|
|
Diuretics
|
64.6 (115)
|
56.1 (32)
|
60.3 (41)
|
79.2 (42)
|
0.025
|
|
Loop diuretics
|
77.3 (85)
|
67.7 (21)
|
79.5 (31)
|
82.5 (33)
|
0.311
|
- Data are presented as % (n) = Percentage (number of patients) or Mean ± SD; P values were determined by Chi squared tests (or Fisher exact test in case of expected frequencies lower than 5) for comparison of frequencies, and Kruskal Wallis tests for quantitative variables. Abbreviations: KI, Kauppila Index; BMI, Body mass index; BP, Blood pressure; CD, Cardiovascular disease; CHF, Cardiac heart failure; ABI, Ankle, brachial index; IMT, Intima-media thickness; CRP, C reactive protein; eGFR, Estimated GFR; Bone Alp, Bone alkaline phosphatase; FEP, FECa and FENa indicate fractional excretion of phosphate, calcium and sodium, respectively; AS, Atherosclerosis score.
