Table 3 Associations reported within included studies

Wilhelm-Leen [14]

• Mortality in frail patients with CKD

HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5 - 2.7

• Frailty in patients with CKD stage 1/2

OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.49-3.28

• Frailty in patients with CKD stage 3a

OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.57-3.93

• Frailty in patients with CKD stage 3b-5

OR 5.88, 95% CI 3.40-10.16

Roshanravan [15]

• Frailty components associated with Death or Dialysis

HR 2.5, 95% CI 0.9-2.87

• Frailty with eGFR between 30- 44 mL/min/1.73 m²

HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.7

• Frailty with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²

HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-6.3

CKD and frailty associated

Odden [17]

• Physical limitation with creatinine clearance between 60-90 mL/min

OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.7-1.5

• Physical limitation with creatinine clearance <60 mL/min

OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.1

• Low exercise capacity with creatinine clearance between 60-90 mL/min

OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4-3.8

• Low exercise capacity with creatinine clearance <60 mL/min

OR 6.7, 95% CI 3.8-11.8

Shlipak [18]

• Frailty in patients with CRI

OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.28-2.41

Fried [4]

• Functional limitation in patients with CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m²)

HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.56

Bowling [19]

• IADL decline with CKD stage≥3B (eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m²)

OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.38-7.06

• BADL decline with CKD stage≥3B (eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m²)

OR 3.78, 95% CI 1.36-9.77

Lattanzio [16]

• Low SPPB total score and eGFR

B = 0.49, 95% CI 0.18-0.66, p=0.003