Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to sex
From: Factors associated with 24-hour urinary volume: the Swiss salt survey
Characteristic (n =1300) | Women (n = 661) | Men (n = 639) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 48 (33 – 62) | 51 (34 – 64) | 0.05 |
Fluid intake [Liter/24 h] | 1.5 (1.5 – 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2 – 2.0) | 0.86 |
Urine volume [Liter/24 h] | 2.0 (1.4 – 2.6) | 1.8 (1.2 – 2.4) | 0.002 |
Urinary creatinine excretion [mg/kg/24 h] | 16.9 (14.0 – 19.8) | 21.5 (18.4 – 24.5) | <.0001 |
Urinary sodium excretion [mmol/24 h] | 128 (95 – 170) | 176 (131 – 224) | <.0001 |
Serum creatinine [μmol/L] | 70 (63 – 77) | 87 (80 – 96) | <.0001 |
Creatinine clearance [ml/min] | 96 (79 – 114) | 122 (101 – 142) | <.0001 |
eGFR (CKD-EPI) [ml/min/1.73 m2] | 89 (76 – 104) | 90 (77 – 103) | 0.99 |
Body mass index [kg/m2] | 24 (21 – 27) | 26 (23 – 29) | <.0001 |
Hypertension | 128 (19%) | 226 (35%) | <.0001 |
Oral anti-diabetic medication | 14 (2%) | 30 (5%) | 0.009 |
Education | <.0001 | ||
Primary level | 74 (11%) | 61 (10%) | |
Secondary level | 315 (48%) | 246 (39%) | |
Tertiary level | 234 (35%) | 302 (47%) | |
Other | 34 (5%) | 29 (5%) | |
Smoking | 0.0008 | ||
Current Smokers | 106 (16%) | 110 (17%) | |
Past Smokers | 164 (25%) | 213 (33%) | |
Never Smokers | 387 (58%) | 306 (48%) | |
Cups of coffee per day | 0.46 | ||
0 | 55 (9%) | 42 (7%) | |
1-3 | 443 (67%) | 415 (65%) | |
≥4 | 160 (24%) | 179 (28%) | |
Alcohol consumption | <.0001 | ||
Never | 137 (20%) | 53 (8%) | |
1 – 2 times/week | 402 (61%) | 309 (48%) | |
> two days/week to daily | 99 (15%) | 206 (32%) | |
twice daily or more | 12 (2%) | 66 (10%) | |
Vegetables and vegetables juices | <.0001 | ||
< once a day | 101 (15%) | 183 (29%) | |
1 – 2 portions daily | 368 (56%) | 350 (55%) | |
≥3 portions daily | 187 (28%) | 100 (16%) | |
Fruits and fruit juices | <.0001 | ||
< once a day | 126 (19%) | 223 (35%) | |
1 – 2 portions daily | 343 (52%) | 310 (49% | |
>3 portions daily | 189 (29%) | 98 (15%) | |
Meat or cold cut | <.0001 | ||
once or < once weekly | 142 (21%) | 54 (8%) | |
2 – 4 days weekly | 384 (58%) | 318 (50%) | |
>5 days weekly | 134 (20%) | 265 (41%) |