Table 2 Baseline characteristics according to low versus high 24UV
From: Factors associated with 24-hour urinary volume: the Swiss salt survey
Characteristic (n =650) | Low 24UV (n =325) | High 24UV (n =325) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Urine volume [L/24 h] | 1.0 (0.9 – 1.2) | 2.9 (2.7 – 3.5) | --- |
Age, years | 48 (30 – 63) | 47 (35 – 60) | 0.97 |
Fluid intake [L/24 h] | 1.5 (1.0 – 1.5) | 2.0 (1.5 – 2.5) | <.0001 |
Urinary creatinine excretion [mg/kg/24 h] | 18.5 (15.1 – 22.7) | 19.3 (16.1 – 22.5) | 0.14 |
Urinary sodium excretion [mmol/24 h] | 120 (94 – 165) | 171 (130 – 214) | <.0001 |
Serum creatinine [μmol/L] | 80 (70 – 91) | 75 (66 – 86) | 0.0002 |
Creatinine clearance [ml/min] | 121 (100 – 142) | 109 (90 – 132) | 0.0044 |
eGFR (CKD-EPI) [ml/min/1.73 m2] | 91 (75 – 107) | 93 (81 – 105) | 0.21 |
Body mass index [kg/m2] | 24 (22 – 28) | 24 (22 – 27) | 0.72 |
Hypertension | 82 (25%) | 72 (22%) | 0.04 |
Oral anti-diabetic medication | 13 (4%) | 5 (2%) | 0.11 |
History of nephrolithiasis | 32 (9.7%) | 27 (8.2%) | 0.79 |
Education | 0.01 | ||
Primary level | 44 (14%) | 28 (8%) | |
Secondary level | 152 (47%) | 138 (42%) | |
Tertiary level | 110 (34%) | 147 (45%) | |
Other | 17 (5%) | 12 (4%) | |
Smoking | 0.09 | ||
Current Smokers | 64 (20%) | 49 (15%) | |
Past Smokers | 78 (24%) | 99 (30%) | |
Never Smokers | 178 (55%) | 176 (53%) | |
Cups of coffee per day | 0.19 | ||
0 | 27 (8%) | 17 (5%) | |
1-3 | 224 (69%) | 207 (63%) | |
≥4 | 72 (22%) | 100 (31%) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.10 | ||
Never | 53 (16%) | 39 (12%) | |
1 – 2 times/week | 172 (53%) | 190 (58%) | |
> two days/week to daily | 71 (22%) | 79 (24%) | |
twice daily or more | 23 (7%) | 17 (5%) | |
Vegetables and vegetables juices | <.0001 | ||
< once a day | 104 (32%) | 53 (16%) | |
1 – 2 portions daily | 164 (50%) | 176 (54%) | |
≥3 portions daily | 55 (17%) | 92 (28%) | |
Fruits and fruit juices | 0.04 | ||
< once a day | 110 (34%) | 68 (21%) | |
1 – 2 portions daily | 157 (48% | 173 (53%) | |
>3 portions daily | 55 (17%) | 82 (25%) | |
Meat or cold cut | 0.08 | ||
once or < once weekly | 49 (15%) | 67 (21%) | |
2 – 4 days weekly | 187 (58%) | 154 (47%) | |
>5 days weekly | 89 (27%) | 103 (32%) |