Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants by study cohort*
|  | Chinese | Malay | Indian | Pvalue†|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | (n=3,167) | (n=3,082) | (n=3,228) | Â |
Age, mean (SD), years | 59.4 (9.8) | 58.7 (11.0) | 57.5 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
Gender, female, % | 50.1 | 52.0 | 49.2 | 0.07 |
Primary & below education, % | 52.5 | 75.3 | 55.6 | <0.0001 |
Income <SGD 1000, % | 46.1 | 68.8 | 48.2 | <0.0001 |
Current smoking, % | 13.0 | 20.2 | 14.9 | <0.0001 |
Alcohol consumption, % | 11.1 | 1.5 | 12.9 | <0.0001 |
Hypertension, % | 57.9 | 68.6 | 56.0 | <0.0001 |
Antihypertensive medication use among those with previously diagnosed hypertension, % | 89.8 | 53.4 | 83.1 | <0.0001 |
Overweight/obesity, % | 32.1 | 57.8 | 56.6 | <0.0001 |
Blood glucose, mmol/L | 6.4 (2.8) | 6.8 (3.7) | 7.2 (3.6) | <0.0001 |
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), % | 6.1 (0.9) | 6.5 (1.6) | 6.4 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
Systolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 136.2 (19.2) | 147.2 (23.8) | 135.2 (19.5) | <0.0001 |
Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 77.6 (9.8) | 79.8 (11.2) | 77.5 (10.1) | <0.0001 |
Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.1) | <0.0001 |
HDL-cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
Triglycerides, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.8 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 23.7 (3.6) | 26.4 (5.1) | 26.2 (4.8) | <0.0001 |
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.9 (18.5) | 74.4 (20.4) | 87.2 (18.1) | <0.0001 |