The association between race and income on risk of mortality in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease

BMC Nephrology

Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratio for mortality and 95% CI among participants with CKD in the REGARDS study, n = 2,761

	HR (95% CI) model 1 unadjusted	HR (95% CI) model 2 adjusted for sociodemographics^a	HR (95% CI) model 3 + CKD stage	HR (95% CI) model 4 + BMI and smoking	HR (95% CI) model 5 + comorbidity^b	HR (95% CI) model 6 + area level measures^c	HR (95% CI) model 7 + BP and albuminuria^d
Income
Medium/High	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Low^e	1.58 (1.36-1.83)	1.72 (1.46-2.03)	1.62 (1.38-1.89)	1.53 (1.30-1.79)	1.46 (1.23-1.74)	1.44 (1.22-1.71)	1.58 (1.24-2.00)
Race
White	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Black	1.17 (1.01-1.35)	1.27 (1.09-1.49)	1.23 (1.06-1.43)	1.24 (1.07-1.45)	1.24 (1.05-1.47)	1.24 (1.04-1.47)	1.30 (1.02-1.65)

^aSociodemographic characteristics include age, geographic location, education and gender.
^bComorbidities include heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes.
^cArea Level measures include county poverty and Gini Index. The Gini Index, a measure of income heterogeneity which ranges from 0 to 1, was considered with 0 indicating perfectly equal income distribution across households in a county and 1 indicating all county income was held within one household.
^dBlood pressure (BP) included systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Serum albuminuria (g/dL) was considered.
^eLow income was defined as < $20,000 and medium/high income was defined as ≥ $20,000.

ISSN: 1471-2369