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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to blood cadmium level tertile in CPD patients ( n = 301)

From: Association between blood cadmium levels and malnutrition in peritoneal dialysis

Characteristics

Low BCL group (<0.19 μg/L)

Middle BCL group (0.19 - 0.39 μg/L)

High BCL group (>0.39 μg/L)

P

(n = 101)

(n = 102)

(n = 98)

Demographics

    

Age (years)

45.3 ± 13.1

50.1 ± 13.1

53.2 ± 13.3

<0.001

Female sex

58 (57.4)

66 (64.7)

65 (66.3)

0.192

Body mass index (kg/m2)

22.7 ± 3.6

22.7 ± 4.2

22.7 ± 3.6

0.799

Smoking (Yes)

23 (22.8)

26 (25.5)

19 (19.4)

0.567

Comorbidity

    

Diabetes mellitus (Yes)

7 (6.9)

13 (12.7)

17 (16.7)

0.023

Hypertension (Yes)

90 (89.1)

88(86.3)

84 (85.7)

0.468

Previous cardiovascular diseases (Yes)

14 (13.9)

13 (12.7)

11 (11.2)

0.183

Dialysis-Related Data

    

Peritoneal dialysis duration (years)

3.8 ± 2.9

3.4 ± 3.1

3.8 ± 2.9

0.609

High and high average Cr D/P, 4 h (Yes)

44 (43.6)

58(56.9)

49 (50.0)

0.658

Erythropoietin (U/kg/week)

45.9 ± 32.5

44.5 ± 31.5

45.6 ± 31.0

0.810

Total Kt/V

2.17 ± 0.33

2.18 ± 0.42

2.16 ± 0.37

0.478

Residual renal Ccr (L/week/1.73 m2)*

2.51 (0.0, 71.9)

2.84 (0.0, 68.1)

2.99 (0.0, 56.4)

0.452

Standard total Ccr (L/week/1.73 m2)

63.8 ± 14.5

61.9 ± 13.4

62.9 ± 14.1

0.365

nPNA (g/kg/day)

1.09 ± 0.28

1.07 ± 0.26

1.05 ± 0.26

0.303

Biochemical Data

    

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

8.44 ± 1.56

8.53 ± 1.36

8.66 ± 1.32

0.250

Albumin (g/dL)

3.96 ± 0.46

3.85 ± 0.45

3.78 ± 0.50

0.006

ALT (IU/L)

16.5 ± 16.2

19.0 ± 12.2

19.7 ± 16.0

0.131

Creatinine (mg/dL)

12.8 ± 3.0

12.2 ± 2.9

11.6 ± 3.1

0.005

Transferrin saturation (%)

27.8 ± 13.6

27.0 ± 14.2

28.2 ± 12.3

0.835

Ferritin (μg/L)*

207.0 (6.9, 1930.0)

170.0 (5.9, 1497.0)

196.0 (7.0, 1909.0)

0.950

Corrected calcium (mg/dL)

10.0 ± 0.9

10.1 ± 0.8

10.2 ± 1.0

0.081

Phosphate (mg/dL)

5.5 ± 1.5

5.1 ± 1.3

5.0 ± 1.3

0.010

Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)*

107.0 (5.0,998.0)

83.2 (5.0, 647.0)

81.0 (5.0, 1187.0)

0.165

Hs-CRP (mg/L)*

7.09 (0.20,124.45)

3.89 (0.26, 127.61)

3.52 (0.20, 59.8)

0.863

Cardiovascular Risks

    

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

200.4 ± 44.5

209.6 ± 51.1

208.3 ± 41.9

0.223

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

214.1 ± 158.3

200.3 ± 131.7

190.2 ± 130.5

0.233

  1. Note: P < 0.05 represents significant trends between the groups. *Non-normally distributed data are presented as median (minimum, maximum). Patients with hypertension were either taking antihypertensive drugs regularly or their blood pressure was >140/90 mmHg at least twice. Cardiovascular diseases included cerebral vascular disease, coronary arterial disease, congestive heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BCL, blood cadmium level; CPD, chronic peritoneal dialysis; Ccr, clearance of creatinine; Cr, creatinine; Cr D/P, dialysate-to-plasma ratio of creatinine; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; nPNA, normalized protein nitrogen appearance.
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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