Atrial fibrillation in chronic dialysis patients in the United states: risk factors for hospitalization and mortality

Table 1 Factors assessed in ESRD patients, DMMS Wave 2, 1996 only

Factor	N (%) or mean ± SD	Missing (%)	Univariate association with AFIB
Demographic Factors
N	3374
Female	1572 (46.6)	0
African American	933 (27.7)	0	0.41 (0.24–0.69)
Mean Age (Years)	58.9 ± 15.9	15 (0.4)
Quartiles of Age (vs. <48)	781
48–60	837		3.54 (1.17–10.76)
61–71	867		6.01 (2.06–17.52)
>71	874		15.26 (5.46–42.66)
Cardiovascular Factors
History of Coronary Heart Disease	1091 (34.9)	250 (7.4)	2.35 (1.60–3.44)
History of Congestive Heart Failure	1150 (36.2)	199 (5.9)	1.80 (1.24–2.61)
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease	271 (8.6)	229 (6.8)	1.93 (1.13–3.40)
Stroke	336 (10.5)	164 (4.9)	1.69 (1.03–2.81)
Previous CABG	325 (9.6)	118 (3.5)	1.87 (1.14–3.06)
Previous PTCA	174 (5.2)	203 (6.0)	2.43 (1.36–4.35)
Previous coronary angiography	352 (10.4)	302 (9.0)	2.40 (1.51–3.81)
2nd quartile of pre-dialysis SBP (130–146 mm Hg) vs. 1^st (<130 mm Hg)			0.49 (0.25–0.99)
CKD specific factors
Ever Transplanted (Yes/No)	460 (13.6)	NA	0.15 (0.05–0.48)
Peritoneal Dialysis	1662 (49.8)	37 (1.1)	0.59 (0.40–0.86)
Medications
Aspirin (Yes)	628 (18.6)	NA
Coumadin	198 (5.9)	NA
Beta-blockers		NA
Cardioselective	486 (14.4)	NA
Non-cardioselective	177 (5.2)	NA
Digoxin	142 (4.2)	NA	3.72 (2.17–6.38)
Amiodarone	19 (0.6)	NA
Calcium Channel Blockers		NA
Non-dihyrdopyridine	439 (13.0)	NA
Dihydropyridine	1371 (40.6)	NA
Statins	310 (9.2)	NA
ACE Inhibitors	772 (22.9)	NA
Levothyroxine	330 (9.8)	NA

In column one, data given as the number (% of total) or mean ± one standard deviation of patients. Univariate odds ratios (with significance testing by Chi Square) are the strength of the association of a disease or factor with time to hospitalization for atrial fibrillation (AFIB, ICD9 discharge code 427.31.x), with 1.0 being neutral.
SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, both in mm/Hg, obtained as the mean of three successive blood pressures. CABG = coronary artery bypass graft, PTca = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy, ECHO = echocardiography, EKG = electrocardiogram. Statin = HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, NA = not available since variable was constructed from multiple variables (15 in the case of medications). Medication use was assessed at day 60 after initiation of dialysis. Comorbidities such as coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure refer to a history of these conditions within ten years prior to the study period. Selective and non-selective beta-blocker use does not total since some patients were on both agents Values for continuous variables more than 3 SD above and below the median were excluded.

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