Table 1 Characteristics of ESRD cases and controls at study entry.
From: Analgesics use and ESRD in younger age: a case-control study
Cases1 N = 907 | Controls1 N = 3622 | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |||
Age (years) | < 40 | 424 | 46.8 | 1644 | 45.4 | |
40–50 | 483 | 53.2 | 1978 | 54.6 | .46 | |
Gender | Male | 585 | 64.5 | 2333 | 64.4 | |
Female | 322 | 35.5 | 1289 | 35.6 | .96 | |
Country | Germany | 726 | 80.0 | 2890 | 79.8 | |
Austria | 181 | 20.0 | 732 | 20.2 | .87 | |
Education (years) | - 10 | 603 | 66.5 | 1998 | 55.2 | |
> 10 | 304 | 33.5 | 1624 | 44.8 | < .001 | |
Smoking | Never | 340 | 37.5 | 1528 | 42.2 | |
Current | 277 | 30.5 | 694 | 19.2 | ||
Ex-smoker | 290 | 32.0 | 1400 | 38.6 | < .001 | |
Alcohol | Seldom | 757 | 83.5 | 1857 | 51.3 | |
Often | 150 | 16.5 | 1765 | 48.7 | . < .001 | |
History of conditions, diseases | ||||||
Diabetes mellitus | No | 748 | 82.5 | 3572 | 98.6 | |
Yes | 159 | 17.5 | 50 | 1.4 | < .001 | |
Hypertension | No | 134 | 14.8 | 3253 | 89.8 | |
Yes | 773 | 85.2 | 369 | 10.2 | < .001 | |
Renal diseases | No | 25 | 2.8 | 3448 | 95.2 | |
Yes | 882 | 97.2 | 174 | 4.8 | < .001 | |
Urinary tract infections | No | 802 | 88.4 | 3478 | 96.0 | |
Yes | 105 | 11.6 | 144 | 4.0 | < .001 | |
Family history: chronic renal disease | No | 697 | 76.9 | 3425 | 94.6 | |
Yes | 210 | 23.1 | 197 | 5.4 | < .001 | |
Migraine | No | 766 | 84.5 | 3250 | 89.7 | |
Yes | 141 | 15.5 | 372 | 10.3 | < .001 | |
Headache | No | 656 | 72.3 | 2728 | 75.3 | |
Yes | 251 | 27.7 | 894 | 24.7 | .06 | |
Menstruation problems | No | 233 | 25.7 | 937 | 25.9 | |
Yes | 89 | 9.8 | 352 | 9.7 | ||
n.a. | 585 | 64.5 | 2333 | 64.4 | .99 | |
Arthritic complaints | No | 828 | 91.3 | 3418 | 94.4 | |
Yes | 79 | 8.7 | 204 | 5.6 | < .001 | |
Chronic back pain | No | 710 | 78.3 | 2866 | 79.1 | |
Yes | 197 | 21.7 | 756 | 20.9 | .58 | |
Psychological/neurological problems | No | 829 | 91.4 | 3397 | 93.8 | |
Yes | 78 | 8.6 | 225 | 6.2 | .01 | |
History of treatment | ||||||
Anti-rheumatic treatment | No | 892 | 98.4 | 3600 | 99.4 | |
Yes | 15 | 1.6 | 22 | 0.6 | < .01 | |
Immuno-suppressive therapy | No | 866 | 95.5 | 3617 | 99.9 | |
Yes | 41 | 4.5 | 5 | 0.1 | < .001 | |
Drug treatment against cancer | No | 889 | 98.0 | 3605 | 99.5 | |
Yes | 18 | 2.0 | 17 | 0.5 | < .001 | |
Long-term treatment with antibiotics | No | 854 | 94.2 | 3526 | 97.4 | |
Yes | 53 | 5.8 | 96 | 2.7 | .000 | |
Complaints (subjectively compared with other persons in the same age span) | ||||||
Gastrointestinal problems | No, rare | 577 | 63.6 | 2550 | 70.4 | |
Similar/more | 330 | 36.4 | 1072 | 29.6 | < .001 | |
Cardiovascular problems | No, rare | 610 | 67.3 | 3041 | 84.0 | |
Similar/more | 297 | 32.7 | 581 | 16.0 | < .001 | |
Vomiting | No, rare | 612 | 67.5 | 3187 | 88.0 | |
Similar/more | 295 | 32.5 | 435 | 12.0 | < .001 | |
Depression | No, rare | 719 | 79.3 | 3172 | 87.6 | |
Similar/more | 188 | 20.7 | 450 | 12.4 | < .001 | |
Anxiety | No, rare | 762 | 84.0 | 3259 | 90.0 | |
Similar/more | 145 | 16.0 | 363 | 10.0 | < .001 | |
Sleeplessness | No, rare | 542 | 59.8 | 2821 | 77.9 | |
Similar/more | 365 | 40.2 | 801 | 22.1 | < .001 | |
Fatigue | No, rare | 333 | 36.7 | 2490 | 68.8 | |
Similar/more | 574 | 63.3 | 1132 | 31.2 | < .001 | |
Irritability | No, rare | 505 | 55.7 | 2376 | 65.6 | |
Similar/more | 402 | 44.3 | 1246 | 34.4 | < .001 | |
Stress | No, rare | 459 | 50.6 | 1713 | 47.3 | |
Similar/more | 448 | 49.4 | 1909 | 52.7 | < .001 | |
Eating problems | No, rare | 752 | 82.9 | 3368 | 93.0 | |
Similar/more | 155 | 17.1 | 254 | 7.0 | < .001 | |
History of exposures at work site | ||||||
Heavy metal | No | 750 | 82.7 | 3216 | 88.8 | |
Yes | 157 | 17.3 | 406 | 11.2 | < .001 | |
Other metal dust | No | 765 | 84.3 | 3240 | 89.5 | |
Yes | 142 | 15.7 | 382 | 10.5 | < .001 | |
Special silicates2 | No | 847 | 93.4 | 3431 | 94.7 | |
Yes | 60 | 6.6 | 191 | 5.3 | .11 | |
Other silicates3 | No | 796 | 87.8 | 3375 | 93.2 | |
Yes | 111 | 12.2 | 247 | 6.8 | < .001 | |
Solvents | No | 751 | 82.8 | 3188 | 88.0 | |
Yes | 156 | 17.2 | 434 | 12.0 | < .001 | |
Welding & soldering fumes | No | 797 | 87.9 | 3384 | 93.4 | |
Yes | 110 | 12.1 | 238 | 6.6 | < .001 | |