Table 3 Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for chronic kidney disease (CKD), with adjustment for competing morality

HBV (Yes/No)

2.08

1.85–2.34

<0.001

2.58

1.95–3.42

<0.001

Sex (Men/Women)

1.32

1.18–1.49

<0.001

1.38

1.11–1.73

0.004

Age (per year)

1.07

1.06–1.07

<0.001

1.06

1.05–1.07

<0.001

Major comorbidities (Yes/No)

  Diabetes

5.30

4.69–5.98

<0.001

2.41

1.94–2.99

<0.001

 Hypertension

5.00

4.47–5.60

<0.001

1.92

1.64–2.24

<0.001

 Coronary heart disease

2.88

2.47–3.37

<0.001

0.90

0.66–1.23

0.51

 Hyperlipidemia

2.77

2.41–3.18

<0.001

1.19

0.95–1.49

0.13

 Cirrhosis

2.29

1.67–3.15

<0.001

1.00

0.33–3.02

0.10

Use of herbs containing aristolochic acid (Yes/No)

1.13

0.75–1.70

0.57

0.88

0.59–1.33

0.55

Geographic region

  Northern

1.00

Reference

1.00

Reference

  Central

1.22

1.08–1.39

0.002

1.31

1.12–1.53

<0.001

  Eastern

1.40

1.03–1.92

0.034

1.49

1.06–2.09

0.023

  Southern

1.19

1.05–1.34

0.006

1.21

1.04–1.42

0.016

Urbanization level

  Urban

1.00

Reference

1.00

Reference

  Suburban

0.94

0.84–1.05

0.27

0.98

0.85–1.14

0.82

  Rural

1.39

1.23–1.58

<0.001

0.92

0.77–1.11

0.38

Enrollee category

  1

1.00

Reference

1.00

Reference

  2

0.55

0.34–0.87

0.011

0.86

0.53–1.38

0.53

  3

1.52

1.36–1.70

<0.001

1.14

0.97–1.35

0.11

  4

1.45

1.27–1.66

<0.001

1.12

0.91–1.38

0.28

No. of medical visits

1.02

1.01–1.02

<0.001

1.01

1.009–1.014

<0.001

Charlson Comorbidity Index score

1.31

1.29–1.34

<0.001

0.97

0.81–1.14

0.68

Propensity score

1.42

1.36–1.47

<0.001

1.10

0.77–1.57

0.60