Table 2 Criteria for CKD (either of the following present for >3 months)

Markers of kidney damage (one or more)

Albuminuria (AER ≧30 mg/24 h; ACR ≧30 mg/g)

Urine sediment abnormalities

Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders

Abnormalities detected by histology

Structural abnormalities detected by imaging

History of kidney transplantation

Decreased GFR

GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m² (GFR categories G3a–G5)