Table 1 Clinical characteristics of healthy individuals and diabetic patients according to level of eGFR

N

82

84

40

79

42

Age (years)

57.1 ± 9.3

55.5 ± 7.4

54.9 ± 9.0

60.6 ± 11.0*

61.6 ± 11.2*

Male/Female

43/39

46/38

20/20

50/29

26/16

BMI(Kg/m²)

23.89 ± 2.54

25.90 ± 3.38*

25.97 ± 3.93*

26.11 ± 3.56*

25.45 ± 4.40*

Diabetes duration(years)

—

8.01 ± 6.45

6.47 ± 5.35^#

9.95 ± 7.65^#

11.67 ± 8.23^#

HbA1c ,%

5.3 ± 0.24

9.06 ± 1.92*

9.92 ± 1.83*^#

9.37 ± 2.55*

9.10 ± 2.69*

FPG(mmol/L)

5.04 ± 0.36

8.84 ± 3.00*

9.60 ± 2.96*

9.86 ± 2.91*^#

9.41 ± 3.00*

2hPG(mmol/L)

6.06 ± 1.05

14.63 ± 5.13*

15.98 ± 5.11*

13.45 ± 4.17*

13.90 ± 4.57*

Insulin(mU/l)

9.73 ± 7.11

25.26 ± 23.11*

19.03 ± 26.02

23.47 ± 30.50*

34.69 ± 20.90*

C-peptide(μg/l)

1.79 ± 1.01

2.09 ± 1.03

1.69 ± 0.99

2.38 ± 1.52*

2.92 ± 1.43*^#

SBP(mmHg)

126.8 ± 16.1

134.2 ± 14.4*

132.0 ± 14.0

137.6 ± 15.8*

148.1 ± 23.8*^#

DBP(mmHg)

79.8 ± 10.5

83.0 ± 9.2

80.6 ± 8.7

80.3 ± 10.7

83.3 ± 13.7

TC(mmol/L)

5.05 ± 0.74

4.72 ± 1.10

4.82 ± 1.00

5.02 ± 1.50

5.05 ± 1.55

TG(mmol/L)

1.53 ± 0.99

2.13 ± 2.15*

1.85 ± 1.39

2.23 ± 2.12*

2.26 ± 1.69*

LDL-c (mmol/L)

3.16 ± 0.83

3.14 ± 0.91

3.25 ± 0.97

3.23 ± 1.04

3.21 ± 1.34

HDL-c(mmol/L)

1.45 ± 0.36

1.14 ± 0.45*

1.23 ± 0.27*

1.16 ± 0.32*

1.18 ± 0.49*

hsCRP (mg/L)

1.23 ± 1.20

1.44 ± 1.23

1.66 ± 1.40

2.31 ± 2.40*^#

2.95 ± 2.15*^#

Bun (mmol/L)

4.60 ± 1.14

5.61 ± 1.33*

5.16 ± 1.39

6.52 ± 1.84*^#

10.10 ± 4.90*^#

Creatinine (μmol/L)

71.94 ± 14.19

62.99 ± 9.85*

47.63 ± 7.97*^#

86.72 ± 12.90*^#

140.76 ± 53.33*^#

Uric acid(μmol/L)

332.7 ± 97.1

321.9 ± 69.0

280.7 ± 77.0*^#

360.8 ± 92.4^#

399.5 ± 120.6*^#

UACR(mg/g)

6.11(4.18–9.51)

21.63(7.57–88.09) *

18.71(8.76–65.79)

86.01(17.74–245.34) *^#

331.03(188.77–1447.82) *^#

Microalbuminuria, n (%)

—

33(39.3)

14(35.0)

36(45.6)

18(42.9)

Albuminuria

—

40(47.6)

16(40)

54(68.4)

40(95.2)

eGFR(ml/min/1.73 m2)

94.9 ± 20.1

108.2 ± 11.7*

150.9 ± 21.4*^#

74.7 ± 8.7*^#

44.9 ± 12.7*^#

Lipid-lowering therapy, ( %)

3.7

14.3*

12.5*

22.8*^#

26.2*^#

Anti-hypertensives, ( %)

6.1

17.9*

20.0*

25.3*^#

35.7*^#

Usmad3 (ng/mmol creatinine)

286.1(177.9–474.8)

314.7(223.4–568.0)

524.5(320.0–1078.1) *^#

527.9(272.9–1327.5) *^#

656.6(391.4–2976.0) *^#