Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of US adult patients with diabetes mellitus initiating maintenance hemodialysis^a

HbA1c (%), mean ± SD

6.4 ± 1.6

5.0 ± 0.3

6.2 ± 0.4

8.0 ± 2.5

<0.001

Demographics

 Age (years), mean ± SD

64.7 ± 12.9

66.4 ± 12.6

65.8 ± 12.4

60.6 ± 13.4

<0.001

 Male sex, N (%)

8817 (54.1)

1744 (51.3)

4997 (55.1)

2076 (54.3)

<0.001

 Race, N (%)

<0.001

  White

10,439 (64.1)

2158 (63.5)

5887 (64.9)

2394 (62.6)

  Native American

376 (2.4)

56 (1.7)

185 (2.0)

135 (3.5)

  Asian

483 (3.0)

108 (3.2)

274 (3.0)

101 (2.6)

  Black

4842 (29.7)

1049 (30.9)

2629 (29.0)

1164 (30.4)

  Pacific Islander

110 (0.7)

18 (0.5)

69 (0.8)

23 (0.6)

  Other/Multiracial

47 (0.3)

10 (0.3)

29 (0.3)

8 (0.2)

 Hispanic ethnicity, N (%)

2847 (17.5)

497 (14.6)

1552 (17.1)

798 (20.9)

<0.001

 Heart failure

6369 (39.1)

1251 (36.8)

3666 (40.4)

1452 (37.8)

<0.001

 Atherosclerotic heart disease

3924 (24.1)

735 (21.6)

2316 (25.5)

873 (22.8)

<0.001

 Cerebrovascular disease

1747 (10.7)

366 (10.8)

983 (10.8)

398 (10.4)

0.77

 Peripheral vascular disease

2669 (16.4)

494 (14.5)

1531 (16.9)

644 (16.8)

0.005

 Hypertension

14,486 (89.0)

3001 (88.3)

8082 (89.1)

3403 (89.0)

0.45

 Amputation

743 (4.6)

137 (4.0)

417 (4.6)

189 (4.9)

0.17

 Cancer

936 (5.7)

227 (6.7)

574 (6.3)

135 (3.5)

<0.001

Current tobacco use

899 (5.5)

186 (5.5)

473 (5.2)

240 (6.3)

0.05

 Median rent ($), mean ± SD

860.74 ± 272.49

867.67 ± 284.03

863.31 ± 271.87

848.47 ± 263.02

0.005

 Median household income ($), mean ± SD

46,715 ± 16,970

46,569 ± 17,203

47,028 ± 17,107

46,102 ± 16,412

0.02

 % below poverty, mean ± SD

17.9 ± 10.1

17.8 ± 10.0

17.6 ± 10.0

18.7 ± 10.3

<0.001

 % unemployed, mean ± SD

6.3 ± 2.6

6.3 ± 2.7

6.2 ± 2.6

6.4 ± 2.5

0.007

 % < high school education, mean ± SD

17.4 ± 10.8

16.9 ± 10.3

17.2 ± 10.7

18.4 ± 11.3

<0.001

 Insulin

10,676 (65.5)

1795 (52.8)

5886 (64.9)

2995 (78.3)

<0.001

 Oral antidiabetic medications

4404 (27.0)

1141 (33.6)

2499 (27.5)

764 (20.0)

<0.001

 Both insulin and oral antidiabetic medications

427 (4.0)

71 (4.0)

230 (3.9)

126 (4.2)

<0.001

 No medications

1528 (9.4)

519 (15.3)

853 (9.4)

156 (4.1)

<0.001

 Body mass index (kg/m²), mean ± SD

30.3 ± 7.8

29.6 ± 7.6

30.4 ± 7.8

30.7 ± 8.0

<0.001

 Platelet count (×10³/μL), median (25th–75th percentile)

236.0 (186.0–296.0)

226.0 (174.0–285.0)

235.0 (186.0–294.0)

245.0 (198.0–311.0)

<0.001

 White blood cell count (x1000/mm³), mean ± SD

7.6 ± 2.6

7.3 ± 2.6

7.6 ± 2.6

7.9 ± 2.7

<0.001

 Ferritin (ng/mL), mean ± SD

365.5 ± 342.8

370.0 ± 347.1

373.4 ± 343.9

343.1 ± 335.4

<0.001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile)

143.0 (118.0–173.0)

138.0 (115.0–166.0)

141.0 (116.0–171.0)

153.0 (126.0–185.0)

<0.001

 LDL (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile)

72.0 (52.0–96.0)

70.0 (51.0–93.0)

71.0 (51.0–95.0)

77.0 (56.0–103.0)

<0.001

 HDL (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile)

38.0 (31.0–48.0)

39.0 (31.0–49.0)

38.0 (30.0–47.0)

39.0 (32.0–50.0)

<0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile)

135.0 (96.0–191.0)

123.0 (89.0–172.0)

135.0 (96.0–190.0)

148.0 (104.0–214.0)

<0.001

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), median (25th–75th percentile)

150.0 (132.0–169.0)

147.0 (129.0–167.0)

149.0 (131.0–168.0)

153.0 (135.0–173.0)

<0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), median (25th–75th percentile)

75.0 (65.0–87.0)

75.0 (64.0–85.0)

75.0 (64.0–86.0)

78.0 (67.0–90.0)

<0.001

 Albumin (g/dL), mean ± SD

3.6 ± 0.5

3.5 ± 0.5

3.6 ± 0.5

3.5 ± 0.4

<0.001

 Normalized protein catabolic rate (g/kg/d), mean ± SD

0.91 ± 0.32

0.88 ± 0.28

0.92 ± 0.32

0.93 ± 0.32

<0.001

 Estimated GFR^b (mL/min/1.73 m²), mean ± SD

11.4 ± 4.8

10.9 ± 4.9

11.4 ± 4.7

11.7 ± 4.7

<0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD

12.1 ± 1.5

12.0 ± 1.6

12.1 ± 1.5

12.3 ± 1.5

<0.001