Table 1 General characteristics of the participantsa
Serum bicarbonate quintile | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | Total | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mEq/L) | (≤26) | (27–28) | (29) | (30–31) | (≥32) | ||
(n) | (9,745) | (11,016) | (5,999) | (9,351) | (5,775) | (41,886) | |
Characteristics | |||||||
Men (%) | 47.5 | 49.7 | 50.3 | 53.4 | 56.5 | 51.0 | <.0001 |
Age at screening (years) | 48.3 ± 0.2 | 49.3 ± 0.2 | 50.1 ± 0.3 | 50.9 ± 0.2 | 52.0 ± 0.3 | 49.9 ± 0.1 | <.0001 |
The older (%)c | 40.7 | 45.4 | 48.5 | 52.0 | 56.9 | 47.8 | <.0001 |
Smoking (%) | <.0001 | ||||||
Nonsmoker | 54.2 | 55.4 | 56.3 | 54.7 | 54.0 | 54.9 | |
Ex-smoker | 18.2 | 20.2 | 20.9 | 23.2 | 25.3 | 21.2 | |
Current smoker | 27.6 | 24.4 | 22.8 | 22.0 | 20.7 | 23.9 | |
Regular exercise (%) | 36.4 | 38.7 | 39.1 | 39.9 | 43.3 | 39.1 | <.0001 |
Regular alcohol intake (%) | 48.3 | 50.3 | 49.8 | 51.6 | 49.6 | 49.9 | .0044 |
History of anti-HTd medication (%) | 16.8 | 18.7 | 18.5 | 19.2 | 20.5 | 18.6 | <.0001 |
History of DMe medication (%) | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 7.1 | <.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.9 ± 0.4 | 129.1 ± 0.3 | 129.0 ± 0.5 | 129.4 ± 0.4 | 129.9 ± 0.5 | 129.2 ± 0.2 | .0091 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.5 ± 0.2 | 77.9 ± 0.2 | 77.5 ± 0.3 | 77.6 ± 0.2 | 77.9 ± 0.3 | 77.9 ± 0.1 | <.0001 |
BMIf (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 23.8 ± 0.0 | 23.6 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 0.0 | <.0001 |
Overweightg (%) | 35.7 | 34.0 | 34.0 | 32.3 | 29.8 | 33.4 | <.0001 |
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) | 97.2 ± 0.5 | 96.4 ± 0.4 | 96.0 ± 0.5 | 96.4 ± 0.4 | 97.5 ± 0.6 | 96.7 ± 0.2 | .0007 |
Serum albumin (mg/dL) | 4.33 ± 0.01 | 4.37 ± 0.00 | 4.39 ± 0.01 | 4.41 ± 0.01 | 4.42 ± 0.01 | 4.38 ± 0.00 | <.0001 |
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.07 ± 0.03 | 5.11 ± 0.03 | 5.14 ± 0.03 | 5.17 ± 0.03 | 5.19 ± 0.03 | 5.13 ± 0.01 | <.0001 |
Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.29 ± 0.01 | 9.29 ± 0.01 | 9.31 ± 0.01 | 9.33 ± 0.01 | 9.37 ± 0.01 | 9.31 ± 0.00 | <.0001 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.4 ± 0.7 | 197.5 ± 0.7 | 199.8 ± 0.9 | 201.1 ± 0.7 | 202.3 ± 0.9 | 199.0 ± 0.3 | <.0001 |
Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) | 133.6 ± 1.9 | 128.9 ± 1.6 | 130.9 ± 2.3 | 131.4 ± 1.7 | 131.7 ± 2.2 | 131.2 ± 0.9 | .0051 |
Serum HDL-cholesterolh(mg/dL) | 65.3 ± 0.6 | 68.5 ± 0.7 | 69.4 ± 0.9 | 68.2 ± 0.7 | 67.4 ± 0.8 | 67.7 ± 0.3 | <.0001 |
Albuminuriai (%) | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 7.2 | .0455 |
Acidic Urine pHj (%) | 46.3 | 36.0 | 30.7 | 24.7 | 17.3 | 32.5 | <.0001 |
eGFRk (mL/min/1.73m2) | 84.0 ± 0.3 | 84.1 ± 0.2 | 83.4 ± 0.3 | 82.2 ± 0.3 | 80.4 ± 0.3 | 83.0 ± 0.1 | <.0001 |
RHFl (%) | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 4.1 | <.0001 |