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Table 4 Frequency of abnormal results

From: Excessive diagnostic testing in acute kidney injury

Test

Cutoff for “abnormal”

All Stages (N = 5731)

Stage 1 (N = 4058)

Stage 2 (N = 981)

Stage 3 (N = 692)

Urine Tests

  Eosinophils

≥1 %

6.9

5.8

7.2

7.5

  Total Protein

>15 mg/dl

70.8

63.0

64.3

83.3

  UPEP

M spike

7.9

5.0

9.8

10.0

Blood Tests

  ANCA

Titer > 1:20

10.6

8.0

3.7

14.9

  Anti-GBM

≥1.0

0

0

0

0

  Cryoglobulin

>0 %

21.8

26.3

0

21.2

  C3

<90 mg/dl

36.5

26.9

21.1

45.6

  C4

<10 mg/dl

12.9

11.6

10.5

14.3

  Free Light Chains

See below

41.6

44.7

42.9

36.7

  SPEP

M spike

19.1

16.4

23.9

19.7

Radiology Tests

  Renal Ultrasound

See Methods

34.6

40.6

23.4

34.9

  CT Abdomen/Pelvis

See Methods

33.3

26.7

27.3

39.3

  1. Frequency (%) of abnormal results was calculated by dividing the #tests ordered by the #abnormal results, multiplied by 100. Urinary tests with normal physiologic variation (e.g. sodium) were not included since there is no defined cutoff for “abnormal.” Similarly, renal biopsy was not included. Serum free light chains were considered abnormal if the Kappa/Lambda ratio was <0.26 or >1.65. Abbreviations: UPEP, urine protein electrophoresis; ANCA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; C3, complement component 3; C4, complement component 4; SPEP, serum protein electrophoresis