Table 3 Characteristics of participants according to vitamin D status

Age, years

57.52 ± 8.10

59.68 ± 8.61

0.098

Gender

<0.001

 Male

4 (13.8)

39 (54.9)

 Female

25 (86.2)

32 (45.1)

Race

0.001

 Malay

17 (58.6)

33 (46.5)

 Chinese

2 (6.9)

28 (39.4)

 Indian

10 (34.5)

10 (14.1)

Weight, kg

75.56 ± 20.24

73.30 ± 15.51

0.764

Height, cm

161.24 ± 7.88

162.36 ± 8.19

0.534

BMI, kg/m²

28.92 ± 6.86

27.84 ± 5.28

0.401

Smokers

1 (3.4)

18 (25.4)

0.011

Diabetes mellitus

24 (82.8)

52 (73.2)

0.440

Hypertension

26 (89.7)

67 (94.4)

0.410

Dyslipidemia

23 (79.3)

56 (78.9)

1.000

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.81 ± 1.75

4.29 ± 1.16

0.111

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

2.06 ± 0.97

1.70 ± 0.69

0.093

 HDL Cholesterol, mmol/L

1.22 ± 0.40

1.19 ± 0.32

0.920

 LDL Cholesterol, mmol/L

2.70 ± 1.53

2.33 ± 0.99

0.244

CKD

0.450

 Stage 3A

6 (20.7)

23 (32.4)

 Stage 3B

12 (41.4)

28 (39.4)

 Stage 4

11 (37.9)

20 (28.2)

Urea, mmol/L

9.18 ± 3.34

10.08 ± 3.46

0.196

Creatinine, mmol/L

165.21 ± 61.38

168.61 ± 56.30

0.587

eGFR, mls/min/1.73 m²

34.17 ± 11.58

37.44 ± 12.28

0.223

Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.28 ± 1.60

12.23 ± 1.77

0.014

Ca²⁺, mmol/L

2.26 ± 0.10

2.27 ± 0.11

0.678

PO₄^2-, mmol/L

1.31 ± 0.21

1.22 ± 0.23

0.038

PTH, pmol/L

11.49 ± 10.33

6.33 ± 3.97

0.014

25(OH)D, nmol/L

13.76 ± 6.31

50.48 ± 17.30

<0.001