Table 4 Determinants of costs and intensive service use among randomly sampled Taiwanese CKD Decedents dying in hospitals, 2005–2012 (N = 2072)^a

Age at death (in tens, '0)

0.97

(0.91–1.03)

0.91

(0.81–1.02)

0.98

(0.88–1.09)

0.97

(0.87–1.09)

0.78**

(0.66–0.91)

0.97

(0.85–1.10)

Sex (=female)

1.00

(0.91–1.11)

1.05

(0.87–1.28)

1.02

(0.83–1.24)

1.03

(0.85–1.25)

0.89

(0.70–1.13)

1.07

(0.86–1.32)

ESRD

1.25***

(1.12–1.40)

1.23

(1.00–1.53)

1.74***

(1.38–2.21)

1.54***

(1.24–1.90)

1.97***

(1.52–2.55)

6.52***

(5.22–8.15)

Insurable monthly earnings (=average and above)

0.88

(0.78–1.00)

0.82

(0.67–1.00)

1.06

(0.86–1.31)

0.80*

(0.66–0.96)

0.84

(0.64–1.10)

0.88

(0.69–1.11)

Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)

0.97

(0.95–1.00)

0.92***

(0.87–0.96)

0.84***

(0.79–0.90)

0.86***

(0.81–0.91)

0.86***

(0.79–0.93)

0.99

(0.94–1.05)

Physician age (in tens, '0)

0.90**

(0.83–0.97)

0.81**

(0.71–0.92)

0.85*

(0.73–0.99)

0.96

(0.82–1.11)

0.98

(0.83–1.16)

0.89

(0.77–1.02)

Physician sex (=female)

1.01

(0.85–1.20)

0.85

(0.60–1.20)

0.90

(0.59–1.37)

0.89

(0.60–1.32)

0.73

(0.42–1.26)

1.48

(0.98–2.25)

Specialty of primary attending physician

 Nephrologist

0.82**

(0.71–0.95)

1.54***

(1.23–1.93)

0.87

(0.66–1.14)

0.84

(0.65–1.09)

1.03

(0.75–1.43)

1.73***

(1.30–2.30)

 Family medicine

0.39***

(0.27–0.57)

0.74

(0.38–1.44)

0.58

(0.32–1.04)

0.35***

(0.19–0.62)

0.77

(0.37–1.59)

0.56

(0.31–1.02)

 Surgeon

1.22*

(1.02–1.46)

4.31***

(3.20–5.83)

1.30

(0.94–1.78)

1.01

(0.77–1.31)

1.20

(0.76–1.90)

1.19

(0.89–1.58)

Primary hospital- accreditation level

 Medical Centers

1.68***

(1.30–2.15)

2.01**

(1.27–3.19)

0.93

(0.65–1.33)

0.93

(0.63–1.36)

0.65

(0.40–1.08)

1.51

(0.95–2.40)

 Regional Hospitals

1.23

(0.96–1.56)

1.83**

(1.17–2.87)

1.18

(0.85–1.62)

0.99

(0.71–1.38)

0.88

(0.54–1.41)

1.18

(0.76–1.84)

 Local Hospitals (Ref.)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Primary hospital- ownership (=private)

1.11

(0.99–1.26)

1.03

(0.83–1.28)

1.10

(0.89–1.35)

1.12

(0.90–1.40)

0.79

(0.61–1.04)

1.05

(0.83–1.32)

Teaching hospital

0.80

(0.61–1.06)

1.24

(0.74–2.08)

0.93

(0.63–1.38)

0.71

(0.48–1.05)

0.74

(0.43–1.26)

0.62

(0.38–1.03)

Number of hospital in the region (in tens, '0)

1.11

(0.93–1.33)

0.98

(0.74–1.29)

1.03

(0.74–1.43)

1.10

(0.84–1.44)

1.16

(0.77–1.75)

1.05

(0.75–1.45)

Number of beds in the region (in hundreds, '00)

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

0.99

(0.99–1.00)

0.99

(0.98–1.01)

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

Overall time trend (Year)

1.07

(0.98–1.16)

1.12

(0.98–1.28)

0.92

(0.80–1.06)

0.97

(0.86–1.10)

1.06

(0.88–1.26)

1.00

(0.85–1.16)

Difference in trend post 2009 (=Year-2009, for year ≥ 2009)

0.87*

(0.78–0.97)

0.75**

(0.61–0.91)

1.05

(0.87–1.27)

0.97

(0.83–1.15)

0.76*

(0.59–0.99)

0.97

(0.78–1.21)