Table 2 Univariate analysis of perioperative factors and end-stage renal disease for the whole cohort
Variables | ESRD (n = 24) | No ESRD (n = 2642) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-operative | ||||
Age (years) | 57.3 ± 9.4 | 59.3 ± 10.5 | 0.604 | |
Gender: male | 21 (87.5) | 2122 (80.3) | 0.345 | |
Ethnicity | Chinese | 14 (58.3) | 1898 (71.8) | 0.304 |
Malay | 5 (20.8) | 420 (15.9) | ||
Indian | 5 (20.8) | 324 (12.3) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 5.1 | 25.0 ± 4.1 | 0.839 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 23 (95.8) | 1182 (44.7) | <0.001 | |
Hypertension | 22 (91.7) | 1976 (74.8) | 0.058 | |
Myocardial infarction | 18 (75.0) | 1541 (58.3) | 0.099 | |
Congestive cardiac failure | 8 (33.3) | 427 (16.2) | 0.045 | |
Renal impairment | 15 (62.5) | 210 (7.9) | <0.001 | |
Beta-blocker | 21 (87.5) | 1977 (75.0) | 0.158 | |
ACE-inhibitor | 12 (50) | 1288 (48.8) | 0.910 | |
Calcium channel blocker | 10 (41.7) | 511 (19.4) | 0.016 | |
Statin | 24 (100.0) | 2135 (81.1) | 0.014 | |
Diuretic | 8 (33.3) | 472 (17.9) | 0.061 | |
Ejection fraction (<30%) | 22 (91.7) | 2440 (93.0) | 0.683 | |
Pre-operative creatinine (μmol/L) | 235 ± 127 | 89 ± 36 | <0.001 | |
Pre-operative eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 36.3 ± 25.1 | 81.4 ± 21.1 | <0.001 | |
Pre-operative haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | |
EuroSCORE logistic | 6.9 ± 9.0 | 3.5 ± 4.5 | 0.086 | |
Surgical variables | ||||
IABP | 4 (16.7) | 245 (9.3) | 0.276 | |
Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 103 ± 43 | 113 ± 49 | 0.325 | |
Aortic cross clamp time (min) | 61 ± 25 | 67 ± 37 | 0.424 | |
Inotrope use | 21 (87.5) | 1631 (62.3) | 0.011 | |
Hemodilution | ||||
Prebypass haematocrit (%) | 31.5 ± 4.9 | 37.9 ± 4.8 | <0.001 | |
Lowest hematocrit during bypass (%) | 21.5 ± 3.1 | 24.4 ± 4.0 | <0.001 | |
RBC transfusion | 13 (54.2) | 733 (27.7) | 0.004 | |
Intensive care variables | ||||
Inotrope use | 13 (54.2) | 1215 (46.0) | 0.426 | |
New need for dialysis | 5 (20.8) | 54 (2.0) | <0.001 | |
Lowest haemoglobin in 1st 24 h (g/dL) | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 9.7 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | |
RBC transfusion | 15 (62.5) | 995 (37.7) | 0.013 | |
Total length of hospitalization (days) | 14.7 ± 10.5 | 10.9 ± 10.6 | 0.083 | |
Outcomes | ||||
Acute kidney injury | 18 (75.0) | 759 (28.7) | <0.001 | |
5-year mortality | 6 (25.0) | 122 (4.6) | 0.001 | |