Table 2 Clinical parameters, laboratory findings, and management characteristics among 258 adults with snakebite envenomation, Yangon, Myanmar, 2015–2016

Clinical parameters

Bites from Viperidae or presenting the clinical syndrome of Viperidae

 Yes

214

136 (63.6)

78 (36.4)

<0.001

 No

44

4 (9.1)

40 (90.9)

Local swelling

 Grades II–IV

167

111 (66.5)

56 (33.5)

<0.001

 Grades 0-I

91

29 (31.9)

62 (68.1)

Hypotension

 Yes

69

60 (87.0)

9 (13.0)

<0.001

 No

189

80 (42.3)

109 (57.7)

Laboratory parameters

WBC (cells/μL)

  > 10 × 10³

194

126 (64.9)

68 (35.1)

<0.001

  ≤ 10 × 10³

64

14 (21.9)

50 (78.1)

Overt DIC

 Yes

147

103 (70.1)

44 (29.9)

<0.001

 No

111

37 (33.3)

74 (66.7)

Capillary leakage

 Yes

35

30 (85.7)

5 (14.3)

<0.001

 No

223

110 (49.3)

113 (50.7)

Creatine kinase (IU/L)

  > 500

104

87 (83.7)

17 (16.3)

<0.001

  ≤ 500

152

51 (33.6)

101 (66.4)

Blood sugar (mg/dL)

  ≥ 150

53

37 (69.8)

16 (30.2)

0.017

  < 150

205

103 (50.2)

102 (49.8)

Serum sodium (mmol/L)

  < 135 mmol/L

115

91 (79.1)

24 (20.9)

<0.001

  ≥ 135 mmol/L

143

49 (34.3)

94 (65.7)

Microscopic hematuria

 Yes

81

70 (86.4)

11 (13.6)

<0.001

 No

174

67 (38.5)

107 (61.5)

Management

Site of management

 Ward

211

129 (61.1)

82 (38.9)

<0.001

 ICU

47

11 (23.4)

36 (76.6)

Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours)

  ≥ 2

174

107 (61.5)

67 (38.5)

0.007

  < 2

76

32 (42.1)

44 (57.9)