Table 5 Clinical parameters, laboratory findings, and management characteristics of 164 adults bitten by Viperidae or presenting the clinical syndrome of Viperidae (86 patients with acute kidney injury at presentation and 78 patients without acute kidney injury)

Hypotension

 Yes

46

39 (84.8)

7 (15.2)

<0.001

 No

118

47 (39.8)

71 (60.2)

WBC (cells/μL)

  > 10 × 10³

122

75 (61.5)

47 (38.5)

<0.001

  ≤ 10 × 10³

41

10 (24.4)

31 (75.6)

Overt DIC

 Yes

100

64 (64.0)

36 (36.0)

<0.001

 No

64

22 (34.4)

42 (65.6)

Capillary leakage

 Yes

19

17 (89.5)

2 (10.5)

0.001

 No

145

69 (47.6)

76 (52.4)

Creatine kinase (IU/L)

  > 500

69

57 (82.6)

12 (17.4)

<0.001

  ≤ 500

95

29 (30.5)

66 (69.5)

Blood sugar (mg/dL)

  ≥ 150

38

27 (71.1)

11 (28.9)

0.015

  < 150

126

59 (46.8)

67 (53.2)

Serum sodium (mmol/L)

  < 135

77

61 (79.2)

16 (20.8)

<0.001

  ≥ 135

87

25 (28.7)

62 (71.3)

Microscopic hematuria

 Yes

61

51 (83.6)

10 (16.4)

<0.001

 No

101

33 (32.7)

68 (67.3)

Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours)

  ≥ 2

112

68 (60.7)

44 (39.3)

0.021

  < 2

44

17 (38.6)

27 (61.4)