Fig. 3

Health States of Markov Model. Negative Urine Test might be true negative to persistent albuminuria of which patient would stay in their present state, or might be false negative which would be retested correctly then turn to Positive Urine Test state, or continued to be miss-diagnosed until symptoms of CKD occurred then turned to symptomatic CKD state. Patients in Positive Urine Test state would be diagnosed as CKD and receive treatment although part of them were false positive. Patients who recovered by proper treatment and the others who were initially misdiagnosed might reverse to the Negative Urine Test state. Death may occur in any health state