Table 2 Multivariable analyses of the association of risk factors and acute kidney injury (N = 3471)

Females

0.71 (0.56–0.91)

0.007

0.63 (0.48–0.82)

0.0005

0.64 (0.49–0.83)

0.0008

Age years

65–69

0.67 (0.44–1.03)

0.11

0.92 (0.57–1.48)

0.74

0.83 (0.52–1.35)

0.55

70–74

0.62 (0.42–0.92)

0.76 (0.50–1.17)

0.70 (0.46–1.09)

75–79

0.75 (0.53–1.06)

0.83 (0.57–1.20)

0.78 (0.54–1.13)

80–84

0.84 (0.61–1.17)

0.88 (0.63–1.24)

0.84 (0.59–1.18)

≥85

1

1

1

IMD^b

1 (least deprived)

1

Not in model

Not in model

2

1.09 (0.74–1.60)

0.96

3

1.07 (0.72–1.59)

4

1.16 (0.78–1.72)

5 (most deprived)

1.06 (0.69–1.61)

Smoking status

Non-smoker

1

1

1

Current smoker

1.12 (0.76–1.67)

0.74

1.32 (0.87–2.00)

0.36

1.39 (0.92–2.11)

0.25

Ex-smoker

1.13 (0.83–1.53)

1.22 (0.88–1.68)

1.26 (0.91–1.74)

Alcohol intake (u/day)

Non-drinker

1

1

1

Ex-drinker

0.98 (0.64–1.50)

0.27

1.00 (0.65–1.55)

0.40

1.00 (0.64–1.55)

0.43

Current ≤6 units/day

0.83 (0.59–1.18)

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

0.88 (0.61–1.26)

Heavy >6 units/day

0.52 (0.24–1.15)

0.56 (0.25–1.26)

0.55 (0.24–1.26)

BMI (kg/m²)

15–18.4

0.80 (0.39–1.64)

0.05

0.90 (0.43–1.88)

0.50

0.95 (0.45–2.00)

0.53

18.5–24.9

1

1

1

25–29.9

1.00 (0.74–1.35)

0.92 (0.67–1.25)

0.90 (0.65–1.23)

≥30

1.44 (1.05–1.97)

1.17 (0.85–1.62)

1.14 (0.82–1.58)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

≤29

5.53 (3.75–8.15)

<0.0001

4.80 (3.18–7.23)

<0.0001

4.62 (3.06–6.99)

<0.0001

30–59

2.74 (2.06–3.66)

(<0.0001)

2.58 (1.92–3.47)

(<0.0001)

2.48 (1.84–3.33)

(<0.0001)

≥60

1

1

1

1.66 (1.30–2.11)

<0.0001

1.27 (0.98–1.63)

0.07

1.23 (0.95–1.59)

0.12

1.63 (1.21–2.19)

0.0007

1.36 (1.01–1.85)

0.04

1.27 (0.93–1.73)

0.13

1.24 (0.94–1.64)

0.13

1.07 (0.79–1.45)

0.65

1.03 (0.76–1.39)

0.86

0.90 (0.70–1.15)

0.4

0.79 (0.61–1.03)

0.08

0.76 (0.58–1.00)

0.04

1.00 (0.76–1.31)

0.99

0.90 (0.68–1.19)

0.44

0.90 (0.68–1.20)

0.47

1.05 (0.66–1.65)

0.85

1.12 (0.70–1.80)

0.64

1.17 (0.73–1.88)

0.53

0.79 (0.59–1.06)

0.11

0.79 (0.59–1.07)

0.12

0.79 (0.58–1.07)

0.12

0.72 (0.52–1.01)

0.05

0.73 (0.52–1.03)

0.07

0.76 (0.54–1.07)

0.11

0.63 (0.39–1.01)

0.04

0.64 (0.39–1.05)

0.06

0.66 (0.40–1.08)

0.08

1.96 (1.49–2.58)

<0.0001

Not in model

1.59 (1.19–2.13)

0.002

HBA1C levels

Good <7%

1

Not in model

1

Borderline 7–10%

1.01 (0.79–1.30)

0.98

0.82 (0.62–1.09)

0.38

High >7%

0.95 (0.52–1.73)

0.82 (0.43–1.54)

Medication diabetes

None

1

Not in model

1

Oral

1.10 (0.81–1.50)

0.005

1.05 (0.75–1.46)

0.05

Insulin

2.49 (1.46–4.23)

2.27 (1.27–4.05)

Both

1.43 (0.99–2.07)

1.11 (0.72–1.71)

Period

April 2004- Sep. 2007

1

<0.0001

1

<0.0001

1

<0.0001

Oct. 2007- March 2011

2.79 (2.07–3.76)

(<0.0001)

2.91 (2.14–3.94)

(<0.0001)

2.90 (2.14–3.95)

(<0.0001)