Table 2 Characteristics of included studies^a

Bouvy 2003 [8]

N-CC; PHARMO record linkage system; The Netherlands

>40 years, with ≥2 consecutive prescription for an ACEI

Hospitalisation with renal problems before start an ACEI

144 cases and 1189 controls

Not reported (all >40 years)

63.9 cases;

45.4 controls

New/ start of ≥1 prescription in 3 months before hospital admission

Hospitalisation ICD9 584 or 586

2.20 (1.10,4.50)

Huerta 2005 [34]

N-CC; GPRD; UK

50–84 years, ≥2 years enrolment with GP and ≥1 year since first computerized prescription

Cancer, renal disorder, cirrhosis, systemic connective tissue disease

386,916 individuals

Not reported (all >50 years)

Not reported

Supply for the most recent prescription lasted until 0–30 days before index date

Clinical diagnosis by a specialist, and SCr >1.7 mg/dl (150 μmol/L) or urea level >47.6 mg/dL (17.0 mmol/L)

3.23 (1.79,5.82)

Leonard 2012 [6]

CC; GPRD; UK

Not reported

History of kidney transplant, having outcome of interest during baseline period

27,982 cases and 1,323,850 controls

68.6 cases;

66.9 controls^c

49.7 cases;

50.4 controls

Active orally administered tNSAID therapy

Diagnostic codes described in succeeding texts supplemented by GP’s free-text

1.31 (1.25,1.37)

Murray 1990 [9]

CC; Regenstrief Health Center; US

>18 years, received ibuprofen or acetaminophen during 11May1975- 29Sept1986, baseline and post-prescription SCr and BUN results available

Prescriptions of other NSAIDs, SCr < 0.3 mg/dL (30 μmol/L), BUN < 5 mg/dL (1.8 μmol/L)

4790 cases and 8205 controls

Not reported

27.4 cases

N/A controls

Patients received first prescription of ibuprofen between 11May1975- 29Sept1986

Patients with normal baseline values, SCr >1.2 mg/dL (110 μmol/L) or BUN > 18 mg/dL (6.4 μmol/L);

Patients with elevated baseline values, SCr or BUN ≥10%increase

1.05 (0.88,1.26)

Perez Gutthann 1996 [36]

CC; Saskatchewan health plan information; Canada

≥1 NSAID prescription during study period

Malignant neoplasm, CRF, in-hospital disease onset, insufficient data, other systemic/ renal conditions

228,392 members

Not reported

45.5

Most recent prescription filled 0–30 days before index

ICD9 580.9, 581, 583.2, 583.6–583.9, 584, 586, 593.9

4.10 (1.50,10.8)

First Author, Year

Design; Data; Country

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Study Sample

Mean Age (yr)

% Male

Definition of NSAID use (exposure)^b

Definition of AKI (outcome)

Adjusted OR (95%CI) for general population, plus crude OR for CKD pop if available

Evans 1995 [31]

CC;MEMO; UK

Resident in Tayside, Scotland registered with a Tayside GP in May 1990

Not reported

320 patients and 1238 community controls^d

Not reported

Not reported

≥1 oral NSAID prescriptions dispensed during 90 day period prior to the index date

ICD9 583.8, 584.5, 584.7–584.9

2.20 (1.49,3.25); Crude OR for CKD population 3.04 (1.68,5.49)

Griffin 2000 [32]

N-CC; Tennessee Medicaid enrolment files; US

≥65 years, enrolled in Medicaid ≥ 1 year

End-stage renal disease, hospital-acquired acute renal failure, incomplete demographic data, remote counties residents

7145 patients and 10,000 controls

Not reported (all ≥65 years)

31 cases; 23 controls

Nonaspirin, supply of NSAIDs included index date

An admission SCr ≥180 μmol/L (2 mg/dl) and ≥20% increase from baseline or ≥20% decline during hospitalization

1.58 (1.34,1.86); Crude OR for CKD population 1.80 (1.30, 2.50)

Schneider 2006 [37]

N-CC; Quebec universal health care program database; Canada

>65 years, filled ≥1 NSAID prescription during 01Jan1999-30June2002, NSAID prescription free ≥1 year before cohort entry

Only use aspirin, renal replacement therapy, renal transplantation, 2 NSAIDs at cohort entry

121,722 new NSAID users

78.1 cases; 78.0 controls

46.1 cases; 32.3 controls

Dispensed NSAID 1–30 days preceding the index date with no previous prescription

ICD9 584, 586

2.05 (1.61,2.60); Crude OR for CKD population 1.13 (0.79, 1.62)

Lafrance 2009 [35]

N-CC; Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system; US

≥1 NSAID prescription during 01Oct2000-30Sept2006, NSAID prescription free 2 years before cohort entry

History of renal transplantation, maintenance dialysis, or AKI before cohort entry

1,432,781 new NSAID users

63 (half >65 years)

97

Single NSAID dispensed day + 30 days tolerance period with no previous prescription

Hospitalisation with AKI, AKIN definition

1.82 (1.68,1.98); Crude OR for CKD population 1.36 (1.30, 1.42)

Henry 1997 [33]

Matched CC; John Hunter Hospital and Newcastle Master Hospital; Australia

Admitted to study hospitals identified by hospital database

Unfit for interview

164 cases and 189 controls

76.6 cases; 75.1 controls

55.5 cases;

55.0 controls

Any NSAID use in past month (excluding prophylactic aspirin)

Admitted to hospitals with SCr ≥0.15 mmol/L

1.80 (0.97,3.40); Crude OR for CKD population

5.25 (1.06,26.07)