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Table 1 Characteristics, and metabolic parameters, and other biochemical values in hemodialysis patientsa

From: Inadequate dietary energy intake associates with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in different groups of hemodialysis patients: a clinical observational study in multiple dialysis centers

Variables

Total sample (n = 228)

Adequate EI (n = 90)

Inadequate EI (n = 138) b

P value c

Characteristics

Age, years

59.4 ± 11.3

59.9 ± 10.8

59.1 ± 11.6

0.630

Gender, male

148 (64.9)

57 (63.3)

91 (65.9)

0.687

Hemodialysis vintage, years

5.5 ± 5.0

6.9 ± 5.9

4.5 ± 4.0

<  0.001

CCI

4.6 ± 1.5

4.7 ± 1.5

4.5 ± 1.6

0.327

Diabetes mellitus

87 (38.2)

24 (26.7)

63 (45.7)

0.004

Hypertension

110 (48.2)

45 (50.0)

65 (47.1)

0.669

Cardiovascular diseases

68 (29.8)

26 (28.9)

42 (30.4)

0.803

Physical activity, MET score

4831.3 ± 1893.1

4984.9 ± 2033.2

4732.6 ± 1798.1

0.330

Height, cm

162.4 ± 8.3

161.4 ± 7.0

163.0 ± 9.0

0.149

Weight, kg

61.4 ± 12.3

55.1 ± 8.9

65.4 ± 12.6

0.000

IDWG, %

3.0 ± 1.7

2.9 ± 2.0

3.1 ± 1.5

0.227

FM, %

27.2 ± 10.0

23.4 ± 9.1

29.7 ± 9.9

<  0.001

Elevated FM

122 (54.5)

34 (38.2)

88 (65.2)

< 0.001

REE, kcal/day

1048.6 ± 280.8

1100.9 ± 274.7

1014.5 ± 280.4

0.023

Metabolic abnormalities

FPG

105.3 (90.5, 145.2)

97.3 (90.3, 134.0)

114.0 (93.6, 153.8)

0.025

IFG

148 (64.9)

47 (52.2)

101 (73.2)

0.001

BMI, kg/m2

23.2 ± 3.8

21.1 ± 2.6

24.5 ± 3.9

< 0.001

BMI ≥ 24 (kg/m2)

83 (36.4)

13 (14.4)

70 (50.7)

< 0.001

WC, cm

81.1 ± 10.4

75.7 ± 7.5

87.6 ± 36.4

0.002

Elevated WC

60 (26.3)

8 (8.9)

52 (37.7)

< 0.001

TG, mg/dL

115.0 (82.9, 202.6)

99.1 (78.0, 155.4)

136.8 (85.0, 250.5)

0.004

High TG ≥ 150 (mg/dL)

89 (39.0)

27 (30.0)

62 (44.9)

0.024

HDL-C, mg/dL

41.6 ± 22.1

45.8 ± 21.0

38.9 ± 22.4

0.021

Low HDL-C

139 (61.0)

47 (52.2)

92 (66.7)

0.029

SBP, mmHg

146.5 ± 22.7

149.5 ± 24.0

144.3 ± 21.3

0.089

DBP, mmHg

80.0 ± 18.2

79.8 ± 19.0

79.9 ± 17.6

0.959

High BP

186 (81.6)

73 (81.1)

113 (81.9)

0.883

AACE-MetS d

144 (63.2)

46 (51.1)

98 (71.0)

0.002

HMetSe

123 (53.9)

33 (36.7)

90 (65.2)

< 0.001

Other biochemical values

TC, mg/dL

168.3 ± 37.9

163.8 ± 33.7

170.7 ± 40.0

0.178

TC ≥ 200 mg/dL

39 (17.1)

10 (11.1)

29 (21.0)

0.052

LDL-C, mg/dL

102.1 ± 32.5

98.0 ± 31.0

104.6 ± 32.9

0.130

LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL

41 (18.0)

13 (14.4)

28 (20.3)

0.261

FPI, μU/mL

15.2 (7.9, 31.9)

12.7 (6.8, 26.5)

18.6 (9.3, 35.7)

0.004

FPI ≥ 12 μU/mL

142 (62.3)

47 (52.2)

95 (68.8)

0.011

hs-CRP, mg/dL

0.3 (0.1, 0.6)

0.2 (0.1, 0.5)

0.3 (0.1, 0.6)

0.277

hs-CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dL

65 (28.5)

23 (25.6)

42 (30.4)

0.425

iPTH, pg/mL

225.2 (80.6, 409.1)

231.0 (68.5, 441.2)

223.9 (94.4, 382.7)

0.916

iPTH ≥300 pg/mL

93 (40.8)

38 (42.2)

55 (39.9)

0.722

Creatinine, mg/dL

11.1 ± 1.9

10.8 ± 1.7

11.3 ± 2.1

0.077

Creatinine ≤7.5 mg/dL

8 (3.5)

6 (6.7)

2 (1.4)

0.036

Albumin, mg/dL

4.0 ± 0.4

4.0 ± 0.4

4.0 ± 0.4

0.992

Albumin ≤3.5 mg/dL

24 (10.5)

8 (8.9)

16 (11.6)

0.515

Pre-BUN, mg/dL

72.9 ± 20.9

76.7 ± 21.2

70.2 ± 20.7

0.023

Post-BUN, mg/dL

19.9 ± 7.8

19.0 ± 7.6

20.7 ± 7.9

0.106

eKt/V

1.6 ± 0.3

1.8 ± 0.4

1.5 ± 0.3

< 0.001

nPNA, g/kg

1.4 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

<  0.001

nPNA < 1.0 g/kg

29 (12.7)

7 (7.8)

22 (15.9)

0.071

  1. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index, MET: metabolic equivalent minute/week, IDWG, interdialytic weight gains, FM: fat mass, IFG: Impaired fasting glucose, BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference, TG: triglyceride, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BP: blood pressure, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FPI: fasting plasma insulin, hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein, iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone, nPNA = normalized protein nitrogen appearance
  2. aCategorical data is shown as n (%). Continuous data is presented as mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range)
  3. bInadequate energy intake was classified as EI < 30 kcal/kg/day for age 60 and above; < 35 for age less than 60
  4. cIndependent-samples T-test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Chi-square tests are performed
  5. dMetabolic syndrome diagnosed by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (IFG plus any other abnormality: overweight/obese, high TG, low HDL, high blood pressure)
  6. eMetabolic syndrome diagnosed by Harmonizing Metabolic Syndrome (three or more abnormalities: Elevated WC, IFG, low HDL, high TG, high blood pressure)
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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