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Table 2 Dietary intake among hemodialysis patientsa

From: Inadequate dietary energy intake associates with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in different groups of hemodialysis patients: a clinical observational study in multiple dialysis centers

Daily dietary intake b

Total sample (n = 228)

Adequate EI (n = 90)

Inadequate EI (n = 138) c

P value d

Macronutrients

Energy intake, kcal

1885.0 ± 477.2

2182.6 ± 448.9

1690.9 ± 387.7

< 0.001

Energy intake, kcal/kg

31.5 ± 8.8

39.8 ± 7.0

26.1 ± 4.6

<  0.001

Protein, g/kg IBW

1.2 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

< 0.001

Protein < 1.2 g/kg IBW

132 (57.9)

28 (31.1)

104 (75.4)

< 0.001

Protein, (%EI)

15.0 ± 3.0

14.6 ± 2.7

15.2 ± 3.2

0.090

Protein < 15% EI

118 (51.8)

52 (57.8)

66 (47.8)

0.142

Carbohydrate, g

222.1 ± 68.8

252.9 ± 71.5

202.0 ± 59.1

< 0.001

Carbohydrate, (%EI)

47.6 ± 8.6

46.5 ± 8.2

48.3 ± 8.9

0.138

Carbohydrate < 45%EI

80 (35.1)

33 (36.7)

47 (34.1)

0.687

Total fat, g

78.3 ± 27.0

92.5 ± 26.5

69.0 ± 23.0

< 0.001

Total fat, (%EI)

37.1 ± 7.8

38.2 ± 7.4

36.4 ± 8.1

0.100

SFA (%EI)

13.4 (8.0, 69.4)

10.6 (8.0, 62.9)

37.9 (8.5, 73.7)

0.083

SFA ≥10% EI

143 (62.7)

53 (58.9)

90 (65.2)

0.334

MUFA (%EI)

18.0 (10.6, 76.0)

13.4 (9.8, 73.4)

41.8 (11.3, 80.2)

0.024

MUFA ≥20% EI

109 (47.8)

34 (37.8)

75 (54.3)

0.014

PUFA (%EI)

17.6 (8.7, 60.6)

12.2 (7.6, 52.0)

32.8 (9.6, 62.9)

0.015

PUFA ≥10% EI

155 (68.0)

55 (61.1)

100 (72.5)

0.072

SFA/UFA ratio

0.5 ± 0.2

0.5 ± 0.2

0.5 ± 0.2

0.869

UFA/SFA ratio

2.3 ± 0.7

2.3 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.8

0.426

Micronutrients

Mineral and Water

Sodium, mg/d

1254.8 ± 897.6

1576.9 ± 1108.9

1044.6 ± 650.7

< 0.001

Sodium > 1800 mg/d

43 (18.9)

29 (32.2)

14 (10.1)

< 0.001

Fluid, mL/d

1382.6 ± 480.5

1493.7 ± 506.7

1310.2 ± 449.8

0.005

Fluid > 1500 mL/d

78 (34.2)

38 (42.2)

40 (29.0)

0.039

Potassium, mg/d

1445.2 ± 582.6

1616.3 ± 575.7

1333.6 ± 561.5

< 0.001

Phosphate, mg/d

694.9 ± 257.9

799.7 ± 270.2

626.6 ± 225.6

<  0.001

Calcium, mg/d

291.3 ± 177.2

336.9 ± 190.7

261.6 ± 161.6

0.002

Iron, mg/d

8.6 ± 4.6

9.7 ± 5.3

7.8 ± 4.0

0.003

Zinc, mg/d

8.1 ± 3.8

9.3 ± 4.0

7.3 ± 3.5

< 0.001

Vitamins

Vitamin B1 (thiamin), mg/d

0.8 ± 0.6

1.0 ± 0.6

0.8 ± 0.6

0.008

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), mg/d

0.9 ± 0.5

1.0 ± 0.6

0.8 ± 0.5

0.001

Niacin (B3), mg/d

11.8 ± 6.3

13.9 ± 7.0

10.5 ± 5.5

< 0.001

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), mg/d

1.2 ± 0.9

1.4 ± 1.0

1.0 ± 0.7

0.015

Vitamin B12, μg/d

3.8 ± 3.7

4.5 ± 4.1

3.4 ± 3.4

0.022

Vitamin C, mg/d

90.6 ± 63.5

95.6 ± 59.7

87.3 ± 65.8

0.335

Vitamin E, mg/d †

12.6 ± 10.3

12.9 ± 11.1

12.6 ± 10.3

0.717

  1. EI: energy intake, IBW: ideal body weight, SFA: saturated fatty acid, MUFA: mono-unsaturated fatty acid, PUFA: poly-unsaturated fatty acid, UFA: unsaturated fatty acid
  2. aCategorical data is shown as n (%). Continuous data is presented as mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range)
  3. bTarget values recommended by Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine; the European Best Practice Guideline on Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease; and Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure
  4. cInadequate energy intake was classified as EI < 30 kcal/kg/day for age 60 and above; < 35 for age less than 60
  5. dIndependent-samples T-test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Chi-square tests are performed
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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