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Table 4 Associations of dietary intake and metabolic abnormalities and metabolic syndrome via multivariate logistic regression analyses a

From: Inadequate dietary energy intake associates with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in different groups of hemodialysis patients: a clinical observational study in multiple dialysis centers

Dietary intake

Metabolic abnormalities

AACE-MetS b

HMetS c

 

IFG

Overweight/Obese

Elevated WC

High TG

Low HDL-C

High BP

  

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Inadequate EI

2.42 (1.30, 4.51)**

6.70 (3.25, 13.81)***

8.17 (3.33, 20.01)***

1.72 (0.95, 3.10)

1.67 (0.94, 2.98)

1.18 (0.57, 2.43)

2.26 (1.21, 4.23)*

3.52 (1.91, 6.50)**

Protein < 1.2 g/kg IBW

0.94 (0.51, 1.74)

0.74 (0.41, 1.33)

0.81 (0.42, 1.56)

0.95 (0.54, 1.69)

1.14 (0.64, 2.02)

0.99 (0.48, 2.04)

0.78 (0.42, 1.46)

1.15 (0.64, 2.04)

Carbohydrate < 45%EI

1.30 (0.69, 2.46)

1.12 (0.61, 2.05)

1.88 (0.97, 3.66)

0.86 (0.48, 1.56)

0.90 (0.50, 1.62)

1.57 (0.72, 3.43)

1.30 (0.69, 2.45)

1.33 (0.73, 2.41)

SFA ≥10% EI

1.70 (0.87, 3.31)

0.94 (0.50, 1.77)

0.90 (0.45, 1.80)

1.22 (0.66, 2.28)

1.22 (0.66, 2.29)

2.01 (0.93, 4.32)

1.88 (0.96, 3.70)

1.25 (0.66, 2.34)

MUFA ≥20% EI

2.85 (1.39, 5.87)**

1.20 (0.63, 2.30)

1.09 (0.52, 2.26)

1.07 (0.56, 2.03)

1.59 (0.83, 3.04)

1.40 (0.62, 3.16)

3.01 (1.45, 6.26)**

1.55 (0.81, 2.99)

PUFA ≥10% EI

0.99 (0.52, 1.90)

1.07 (0.58, 1.98)

1.27 (0.64, 2.51)

1.30 (0.71, 2.38)

1.33 (0.73, 2.44)

1.60 (0.77, 3.32)

1.09 (0.57, 2.09)

1.32 (0.72, 2.45)

SFA/UFA ratio

1.03 (0.17, 6.15)

0.47 (0.07, 3.05)

0.46 (0.06, 3.46)

0.82 (0.14, 4.71)

5.13 (0.79, 33.43)

3.07 (0.31, 30.62)

1.54 (0.26, 9.37)

1.12 (0.20, 6.24)

UFA/SFA ratio

0.98 (0.63, 1.52)

1.24 (0.82, 1.88)

1.34 (0.86, 2.10)

1.11 (0.74, 1.66)

0.89 (0.59, 1.35)

0.80 (0.49, 1.31)

0.90 (0.58, 1.39)

1.24 (0.81, 1.89)

Sodium > 1800 mg

0.63 (0.30, 1.31)

0.96 (0.47, 1.97)

0.96 (0.42, 2.20)

1.16 (0.57, 2.34)

1.66 (0.79, 3.51)

0.95 (0.39, 2.31)

0.73 (0.35, 1.52)

0.99 (0.49, 2.01)

Fluid > 1500 mL

0.60 (0.32, 1.15)

1.68 (0.91, 3.10)

1.76 (0.89, 3.46)

1.22 (0.67, 2.23)

1.30 (0.70, 2.40)

0.79 (0.37, 1.66)

0.61 (0.32, 1.17)

0.97 (0.52, 1.78)

  1. IFG: Impaired fasting glucose, WC: waist circumference, TG: triglyceride, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BP: blood pressure, EI: energy intake, IBW: ideal body weight, SFA: saturated fatty acid, MUFA: mono-unsaturated fatty acid, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid, UFA: unsaturated fatty acid
  2. aThe analysis was adjusted for age, gender, hemodialysis vintage, Charlson comorbidity index, physical activity, high sensitive C-reactive protein, and interdialytic weight gains
  3. bMetabolic syndrome diagnosed by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (IFG plus any other abnormality: overweight/obese, high TG, low HDL-C, high BP)
  4. cMetabolic syndrome diagnosed by Harmonizing Metabolic Syndrome (three or more abnormalities: elevated WC, IFG, low HDL-C, high TG, high BP)
  5. Significant level at * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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