Table 2 Summary effect size of pairwise and network meta-analysis

 Bis+Ca vs. Bis+Ca + Vit D

1 (29)

–

− 0.01 (− 0.32, 0.29)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca

5 (167)

1.3 (0.92, 1.68)

0.19 (− 0.01, 0.38)

94.70%

0.000

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

2 (176)

0.26 (−0.04, 0.56)

0.06 (− 0.15, 0.26)

38.10%

0.184

Moderate

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

2 (61)

0.21 (−0.29, 0.72)

0.06 (− 0.22, 0.36)

24.60%

0.249

Moderate

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca

–

–

0.20 (−0.14, 0.53)

–

–

Very low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Vit D

4 (206)

0.36 (0.08, 0.64)

0.07 (−0.18, 0.30)

67.60%

0.026

Low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

–

–

0.07 (−0.34, 0.46)

–

–

Very low

 Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

2 (46)

−0.74 (−1.34, − 0.14)

−0.13 (− 0.38, 0.13)

0.00%

0.403

Low

 Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

2 (60)

−0.55 (−1.07, − 0.03)

−0.12 (− 0.41, 0.19)

60.20%

0.113

Low

 Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

1 (30)

–

0.00 (−0.30, 0.34)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Bis+Ca + Vit D

1 (29)

–

−4.60 (−18.07, 7.67)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca

4 (152)

1.14 (0.78, 1.51)

5.83 (1.61, 9.27)

91.10%

0.000

Moderate

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

4 (46)

1.55 (0.76, 2.35)

−0.24 (5.62, 9.79)

96.10%

0.000

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

1 (31)

–

−0.04 (−19.65, 18.12)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca

–

–

10.43 (−2.64, 23.31)

–

–

Very low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Vit D

–

–

4.35 (−2.29, 11.37)

–

–

Very low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

–

–

4.56 (−18.36, 19.16)

–

–

Very low

 Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

3 (51)

−1.53 (−2.18, −0.88)

−6.07 (− 17.09, 4.47)

79.30%

0.028

Low

 Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

1 (30)

–

−5.87 (−20.01, 18.60)

–

–

Low

 Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

1 (30)

–

0.20 (−19.15, 19.61)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Bis+Ca + Vit D

1 (29)

–

−0.01 (−0.06, 0.04)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca

5 (167)

0.51 (0.20, 0.82)

0.06 (0.02, 0.09)

0.00%

0.571

Moderate

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

4 (176)

0.19 (−0.11, 0.49)

0.01 (−0.03, 0.06)

0.00%

0.866

Moderate

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

2 (61)

0.49 (−0.02, 1.00)

0.05 (−0.01, 0.11)

24.60%

0.250

Moderate

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca

1 (30)

–

0.07 (0.00, 0.13)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Vit D

8 (484)

0.38 (0.19, 0.57)

0.03 (0.00, 0.05)

92.10%

0.000

Moderate

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

–

–

0.06 (−0.01, 0.15)

–

–

Very low

 Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

2 (46)

−0.40 (− 0.99, 0.18)

−0.04 (− 0.10, 0.02)

0.00%

0.960

Moderate

 Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

2 (60)

−0.04 (− 0.55, 0.47)

−0.01 (− 0.07, 0.06)

0.00%

0.874

Moderate

 Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

–

–

0.04 (−0.04, 0.12)

–

–

Very low

 Bis+Ca vs.  Bis+Ca + Vit D

–

–

−3.27 (−7.87, 0.84)

–

–

Very low

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca

4 (152)

1.17 (0.80, 1.54)

7.24 (3.73, 10.69)

91.70%

0.000

Moderate

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

2 (46)

1.53 (0.79, 2.27)

2.22 (−1.44, 5.73)

94.10%

0.000

Low

 Bis+Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

1 (31)

–

3.13 (−2.51, 8.51)

–

–

Low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca

–

–

10.50 (5.92, 15.34)

–

–

Very low

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Vit D

3 (145)

1.32 (1.02, 1.62)

5.48 (2.57, 8.42)

98.30%

0.000

Moderate

 Bis+Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

–

–

6.39 (0.55, 12.89)

–

–

Low

 Ca vs. Ca + Vit D

2 (51)

−2.73 (−3.51, −1.95)

−5.02 (−8.84, − 1.20)

0.00%

0.373

Moderate

 Ca vs. Ca + Calcitonin

1 (30)

–

−4.11 (−9.01, 0.72)

–

–

Low

 Ca + Vit D vs. Ca + Calcitonin

–

–

0.91 (−4.38, 6.44)

–

–

Very low