Fig. 1

Adjusted associations of CKD risk factors with urinary biomarker concentrations by multivariable simultaneous linear equations. Models were adjusted for urine creatinine, Hispanic ethnicity, other race, past smoking, and history of ART use in addition to the CKD risk factors listed above. Statistically significant estimates are shown in bold. Red shaded cells indicate factors associated with higher urine biomarker levels, green shaded cells indicate factors associated with lower urine biomarker levels. α1m: α1-microglobulin; β2m: β2-microglobulin; IL-18: interleukin 18; KIM-1: kidney injury marker-1; TFF3: trefoil factor 3; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; EGF: epidermal growth factor; UMOD: uromodulin; ACR: albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CysC: cystatin C; OPN: osteopontin; YKL-40: chitinase-3-like protein-1; Curr Smoke; current smoking DM; Diabetes, HTN; hypertension, HCV: Hepatitis C virus, VL: HIV viral load in copies/mL