Fig. 2

Parsimonious model by multivariable sparse group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (MSG-LASSO) method for variable selection. Numbers within each cell represent standardized beta coefficients. These can be interpreted like correlation coefficients (scaled from − 1 to + 1). e.g., a 1 standard deviation (SD) older age is associated with 0.27 SD higher α1m. Red shaded cells indicate factors associated with higher urine biomarker levels, green shaded cells indicate factors associated with lower urine biomarker levels. The degree of shading correlates with the magnitude of the standardized beta coefficients. Statistically significant estimates are shown in bold. α1m: α1-microglobulin; β2m: β2-microglobulin; IL-18: interleukin 18; KIM-1: kidney injury marker-1; TFF3: trefoil factor 3; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; EGF: epidermal growth factor; UMOD: uromodulin; ACR: albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CysC: cystatin C; OPN: osteopontin; YKL-40: chitinase-3-like protein-1; Curr Smoke; current smoking DM; Diabetes, HTN; hypertension, HCV: Hepatitis C virus, VL: HIV viral load in copies/mL