Table 2 Unadjusted associations of traditional and HIV-related risk factors with urine biomarker levels among HIV-positive participants
α1m | β2-m | IL-18 | KIM-1 | TFF3 | Clusterin | NGAL | MCP-1 | EGF | UMOD | ACR | CysC | OPN | YKL-40 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Factors | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) | % Estimate (95% CI) |
Age (per decade) | 36 (21, 52) | 11 (−10, 37) | 10 (−1, 22) | 42 (27, 58) | 9 (−15, 39) | 30 (16, 47) | 21 (4, 40) | 26 (16, 35) | −14 (−19, −7) | −21 (−30, − 11) | 23 (6, 42) | 3 (−4, 11) | 5 (−4, 15) | 18 (2, 37) |
Black Race | 16 (−10, 49) | 131 (39, 284) | 31 (3, 68) | − 25 (−44, 0.7) | 170 (60, 358) | − 7 (− 33, 28) | 102 (44, 181) | 9 (− 12, 36) | − 25 (− 37, − 10.8) | −8 (− 34, 29) | 37 (−0.6, 90) | 3 (− 14, 23) | −9 (− 25, 10) | 61 (15, 124) |
Current smoking | 106 (61, 164) | 57 (− 4, 156) | 38 (9, 75) | 5 (− 19, 35) | 59 (− 7, 17) | 50 (11, 102) | 29 (− 11, 86) | 8 (−13, 35) | −4 (− 19, 14) | −2 (− 26, 30) | 39 (− 4, 101) | 18 (0.13, 39) | −12 (− 28, 9) | 4 (−26, 47) |
Diabetes | 29 (− 1, 68) | −54 (− 76, − 10) | 38 (8, 76) | 27 (− 2, 65) | −28 (−64, 44) | 28 (−6, 75) | 52 (1.6, 126) | 16 (− 8, 47) | −20 (− 34, − 3) | − 33 (− 49, − 11) | 39 (− 9, 114) | − 14 (− 31, 8) | 6 (− 15, 32) | 3 (− 34, 61) |
Hypertension | 20 (−2, 47) | 5 (−31, 59) | 6 (− 14, 30) | 14 (− 8, 42) | 16 (− 26, 83) | 11 (− 13, 43) | 4 (−23, 41) | 3 (− 14, 23) | −24 (− 34, − 13) | 4 (− 17, 31) | 56 (16, 111) | −2 (− 14, 11) | − 4 (− 19, 14) | 21 (− 11, 65) |
HCV-seropositive | 62 (25, 111) | 107 (25, 245) | 56 (17, 107) | 29 (−4.0, 72) | 139 (27, 351) | 33 (−4.0, 84) | 34 (− 6, 90) | 3 (− 21, 35) | −21 (− 36, − 49) | −8 (− 30, 22) | −28 (− 64, 44) | 12.5 (− 7, 36) | −4 (− 299, 29) | 39 (− 1.6, 97) |
HIV RNA (per 10-fold higher) | 4 (− 4, 11) | 26 (9, 45) | 18 (10, 27) | 4 (−5, 13) | 6 (−10, 23) | − 4 (− 13, 6) | 0.7 (− 9, 12) | 3 (− 4, 9) | − 0.7 (− 5, 49) | 6 (− 2, 15) | 7 (−3, 19) | 6 (2, 11) | − 0.8 (− 7, 6) | 9 (− 2, 21) |
CD4+ count (per (doubling) | −12 (− 22, − 1) | −35 (− 49, − 18) | − 21 (− 30, − 11) | −7 (− 17, 4) | −3 (− 26, 29) | −0.4 (− 15, 16) | 2 (−16, 24) | − 15 (− 24, − 5) | 2 (− 5, 10) | −2 (− 14, 12) | −11.0 (− 24, 4) | − 9 (−17, −1) | 0.9 (− 9, 12) | −15 (− 30, 1.4) |