Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristic of Participants (n = 334)

 Male

199

81 (40.7)

118 (59.3)

0.343 ^a

 Female

135

48 (35.6)

87 (64.4)

 Malay

70

19 (27.1)

51 (72.9)

0.014* ^a

 Chinese

206

80 (38.8)

126 (61.2)

 Indian

58

30 (51.7)

28 (48.2)

Median age in years [IQR]

58.00 [47.00–67.00]

59.00 [49.00–68.00]

0.558 ^c

 18–30 years

9

4 (44.4)

5 (55.6)

0.961 ^a

 31–40 years

28

11 (39.3)

17 (60.7)

 41–50 years

66

28 (42.4)

38 (57.6)

 51–60 years

85

32 (37.7)

53 (62.3)

 61–70 years

88

31 (35.2)

57 (64.8)

 70 years and above

58

23 (39.7)

35 (60.3)

Median duration of having CKD in months [IQR]

36.00 [24.00–84.00]

60.00 [24.00–132.00]

0.002* ^c

 <  1 year

26

15 (57.7)

11 (42.3)

0.044* ^a

 1–2 years

80

38 (47.5)

42 (52.5)

 3–4 years

67

28 (41.8)

39 (58.2)

 5–6 years

42

12 (28.6)

30 (71.4)

 7–8 years

33

12 (36.4)

21 (63.6)

 9–10 years

22

6 (27.3)

16 (72.7)

 11 years and more

64

18 (28.1)

46 (71.9)

Median duration in months receiving dialysis [IQR]

36.00 [12.00–60.00]

48.00 [24.00–91.00]

0.004* ^c

 <  1 year

33

21 (63.6)

12 (36.4)

0.009* ^a

 1–2 years

89

40 (44.9)

49 (55.1)

 3–4 years

77

28 (36.4)

49 (63.6)

 5–6 years

42

13 (31.0)

29 (69.0)

 7–8 years

33

11 (33.3)

22 (66.7)

 9 years and above

60

16 (26.7)

44 (73.3)

 Twice a week

2

0 (0)

2 (100)

0.148 ^b

 Three times a week

332

129 (38.9)

203 (61.1)

 Diabetes mellitus

110

25 (22.8)

85 (77.2)

 Hypertension

170

28 (16.5)

142 (83.5)

 Hyperlipidemia

40

10 (25)

30 (75)

 Cardiovascular diseases

6

NA

6 (100)

 Gout

7

NA

7 (100)

 Goiter

5

NA

5 (100)