Resistant hypertension and cardiovascular disease mortality in the US: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Table 2 Association of aTRH with CVD Mortality among NHANES (1988–1994 and 1999–2010) Participants

	Unweighted^a		Weighted^b		Crude IR^b (95% CI) Per 1000 PY	Model 1: Unadjusted^c		Model 2^d		Model 3^e		Model 4: Fully Adjusted^f
	N (%)	Deaths (%)	N in millions (%)	Deaths in millions (%)	Crude IR^b (95% CI) Per 1000 PY	HR	p	HR	p	HR	p	HR	p
Non-aTRH	4835 (76.1)	339 (7)	29.04 (79.3)	1.6 (5.5)	7.4 (6.4, 8.5)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Any aTRH	1522 (23.9)	211 (13.9)	7.6 (20.7)	0.97 (12.8)	19.4 (16.2, 23.4)	2.69 (2.14, 3.4)	< 0.001	1.85 (1.47, 2.34)	< 0.001	1.73 (1.34, 2.23)	< 0.001	1.47 (1.1, 1.96)	0.01
Controlled	432 (6.8)	45 (10.4)	2.27 (6.2)	0.22 (9.9)	19.1 (13.1, 27.8)	2.82 (1.91, 4.15)	< 0.001	2.06 (1.41, 3.03)	< 0.001	1.78 (1.12, 2.81)	0.015	1.66 (1.03, 2.68)	0.039
Uncontrolled	1090 (17.1)	166 (15.2)	5.33 (14.5)	0.75 (14.1)	19.5 (16, 23.9)	2.66 (2.07, 3.41)	< 0.001	1.8 (1.41, 2.29)	< 0.001	1.72 (1.32, 2.24)	< 0.001	1.43 (1.05, 1.94)	0.025
						p-trend	< 0.001	p-trend	< 0.001	p-trend	< 0.001	p-trend	0.017

Abbreviations: aTRH apparent treatment-resistant hypertension, IR incidence ratio
^aUnweighted refers to the actual number (%) of the NHANES participants from the final cohort
^bWeighted refers to the projected numbers in the US populations and accounts for NHANES design and sampling weights
HR from Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment as follows:
^cModel 1 was unadjusted
^dModel 2 adjusted for age, sex and race
^eModel 3 adjusted for variables in Model 2 + body mass index (spline at 18 kg/m² and 25 kg/m²), history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, smoking status, serum total cholesterol, and ln-C-reactive protein (natural log transformed)
^fModel 4 adjusted for variables in Model 3 + eGFR CKD EPI (spline at 60 and 90) and ln-ACR

ISSN: 1471-2369