Table 1 General Characteristics of the Study Subjects
|  | All (N = 252) | CKD Stage 1–2 N = 90 | CKD Stage 3 N = 80 | CKD Stage 4–5 N = 82 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yrs | 57.7 ± 14.7 | 50.7 ± 13.8 | 61.8 ± 13.4 | 61.5 ± 14.0 |
Male | 155 (61.5%) | 61 (67.8%) | 46 (57.5%) | 48 (58.5%) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.9 ± 4.1 | 26.9 ± 4.3 | 25.4 ± 3.9 | 25.2 ± 4.0 |
Current smoker | 72 (28.6%) | 35 (38.9%) | 23 (28.8%) | 14 (17.1%) |
Etiology | ||||
 Diabetic nephropathy | 79 (31.3%) | 23 (25.6%) | 26 (32.5%) | 30 (36.6%) |
 Hypertensive nephropathy | 23 (9.1%) | 6 (6.7%) | 9 (11.3%) | 8 (9.8%) |
 Glomerulonephritis | 85 (33.7%) | 45 (50.0%) | 28 (35.0%) | 12 (14.6%) |
 Others | 25 (9.9%) | 7 (7.8%) | 6 (7.5%) | 12 (14.6%) |
 Unknown | 40 (15.9%) | 9 (10.0%) | 11 (13.8%) | 20 (24.4%) |
CVD | 60 (23.8%) | 12 (13.3%) | 25 (31.3%) | 23 (28.0%) |
Diabetes | 116 (46.0%) | 37 (41.1%) | 36 (45.0%) | 43 (52.4%) |
Statins | 105 (41.7%) | 38 (42.2%) | 36 (45.0%) | 31 (37.8%) |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 51.7 ± 33.5 | 88.9 ± 22.1 | 45.5 ± 8.9 | 16.8 ± 7.4 |
Urine PCR, mg/mmol | 172.1 (47.9–413.1) | 134.4 (37.4–273.0) | 122.7 (33.1–391.1) | 284.9 (127.8–606.3) |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 118.1 ± 24.7 | 132.9 ± 19.1 | 121.7 ± 21.6 | 98.4 ± 19.5 |
Albumin, g/L | 36.5 ± 7.3 | 36.1 ± 8.5 | 36.4 ± 6.9 | 37.1 ± 6.2 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.91 ± 1.73 | 5.13 ± 1.66 | 4.85 ± 1.94 | 4.71 ± 1.57 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.12 ± 1.67 | 2.53 ± 2.15 | 1.77 ± 1.26 | 2.02 ± 1.29 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.16 ± 0.43 | 1.15 ± 0.41 | 1.24 ± 0.44 | 1.09 ± 0.44 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.05 ± 1.35 | 3.24 ± 1.49 | 2.98 ± 1.36 | 2.91 ± 1.13 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 136.5 ± 19.9 | 129.7 ± 17.5 | 137.6 ± 18.0 | 143.0 ± 21.8 |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 84.2 ± 11.0 | 85.3 ± 9.9 | 83.4 ± 10.9 | 83.7 ± 12.3 |
Heart Rate, bpm | 74.0 ± 12.3 | 76.5 ± 12.6 | 72.1 ± 11.7 | 72.9 ± 12.0 |
RHI | 1.92 ± 0.55 | 1.82 ± 0.53 | 2.03 ± 0.58 | 1.92 ± 0.53 |