Table 1 Characteristics of randomized controlled trials included in this meta-analysis
| Authors/year of publication | Country | Mean age (years) | Stage of CKD | Intervention | Duration of the trial | Outcomes assessed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cinacalcet | Control | ||||||
| Goodman/2000 [12] | USA |
Cinacalcet 48.6 (12.4) Control 54.7 (16.8) | HD |
R-568, 100 mg/d, N = 16 | Placebo, N = 5 | 24 days | All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, and hypocalcemia. |
| Goodman/2002 [13] | USA | NA | HD |
AMG 073, 10–50 mg/d, N = 23 | Placebo, N = 7 | 15 days | All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, and hypocalcemia. |
| Lindberg/2003 [14] | USA |
Cinacalcet 52.7 (16.4) Control 48.8 (15.6) | HD |
AMG 073, 10–50 mg/d, N = 39 | Placebo, N = 39 | 18 weeks | Serum PTH, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, and hypocalcemia. |
| Quarles/2003 [15] | USA |
Cinacalcet 49.6 (8.5) Control 47.9 (14.2) | HD |
AMG 073, 25–100 mg/d, N = 36 | Placebo, N = 35 | 18 weeks | Serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, and calcium phosphorus product. |
| Block/2004 [9] | USA |
Cinacalcet 54 (14) Control 55 (15) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 371 | Placebo, N = 370 | 26 weeks | Serum PTH, phosphate, calcium phosphorus product, all-cause mortality, nausea, vomiting, and hypocalcemia. |
| Charytan/2005 [16] | USA |
Cinacalcet 60.6 (15.6) Control 61.9 (15.1) | CKD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 27 | Placebo, N = 27 | 18 weeks | All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, and hypocalcemia. |
| Lindberg/2005 [17] | USA |
Cinacalcet 51.8 (14) Control 53.5 (13.9) |
HD PD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 294 | Placebo, N = 101 | 26 weeks | Serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, calcium phosphorus product, all-cause mortality, nausea, and vomiting. |
| Akiba/2008 [18] | Japan |
Cinacalcet 56.7 (9.2) Control 51.8 (7.5) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 12.5–50 mg/d, N = 91 | Placebo, N = 30 | 5 weeks | All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, vomiting, and hypocalcemia. |
| Fishbane/2008 [19] | USA |
Cinacalcet 57.7 (14.9) Control 59 (12.4) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d plus paricalcitol 2 g or doxercalciferol 1 g, N = 87 |
Paricalcitol 2 g or doxercalciferol 1 g, N = 86 | 27 weeks | All-cause mortality, nausea, vomiting, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. |
| Fukagawa/2008 [20] | Japan |
Cinacalcet 54.7 (11) Control 55.7 (11.7) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 72 | Placebo, N = 71 | 14 weeks | Serum calcium, phosphate, calcium phosphorus product, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, vomiting, and hypocalcemia. |
| Messa/2008 [21] | Italy |
Cinacalcet 58.5 (14.5) Control 58.3 (14.5) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 368 |
Conventional Care, N = 184 | 23 weeks | Serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, calcium phosphorus product, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, vomiting, and hypocalcemia. |
| Chonchol/2009 [22] | USA |
Cinacalcet 64.7 (13.3) Control 66.2 (12.2) | CKD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 302 |
Placebo, N = 102 | 32 weeks | Serum calcium, phosphate, calcium phosphorus product, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, vomiting, and hypocalcemia. |
| EI-Shafey/2011 [23] | Egypt |
Cinacalcet 51.5 (12.7) Control 51.8 (15.0) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 55 |
conventional therapy (intravenous alfacalcidol thrice weekly at the end of their dialysis session and phosphate binders), N = 27 | 36 weeks | Serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, calcium phosphorus product, all-cause mortality, nausea, vomiting, and hypocalcemia. |
| Raggi/2011 [24] | USA |
Cinacalcet 61.2 (12.6) Control 61.8 (12.8) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d plus low-dose vitamin D, N = 180 | Same dose of vitamin D prescribed N = 180 | 52 weeks | All-cause mortality, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. |
| EVOLVE/2012 [25] | USA |
Cinacalcet 55.0 (35–74) Control 54.0 (35–73) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 1948 | Placebo, N = 1935 | 20 weeks | All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, vomiting, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. |
| Ketteler/2012 [26] | Germany |
Cinacalcet 59.9 (12.0) Control 61.2 (12.7) | HD |
Cinacalcet (dose unclear) plus low-dose vitamin D N = 134 |
Paricalcitol 0.07 μg/kg IV or iPTH/60 PO N = 134 | 28 weeks | All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, nausea, vomiting, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. |
| Kim/2013 [27] | Korea |
Cinacalcet 48.8 (11.5) Control 47.2 (8.4) | PD |
Cinacalcet, 25–50 mg/d plus low-dose vitamin D, N = 33 N = 33 |
Same dose of vitamin D prescribed N = 33 | 20 weeks | All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. |
| Urena-Torres/2013 [28] | France |
Cinacalcet 57.9 (13.6) Control 57.0 (14.6) | HD | Cinacalcet, 25–50 mg/d plus low-dose vitamin D, N = 154 |
Same dose of vitamin D prescribed N = 155 | 52 weeks | All-cause mortality, nausea, vomiting, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. |
| Bell/2015 [29] | USA |
Cinacalcet 52.4 (13.7) Control 50.7 (13.6) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 5–10 mg/d, N = 40 | Placebo, N = 38 | 4 weeks | All-cause mortality, nausea, vomiting, and hypercalcemia. |
| Wetmore/2015[30] | USA |
Cinacalcet 53 (21–81) Control 55 (22–86) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 30–180 mg/d, N = 155 |
vitamin D (dose unclear), N = 157 | 52 weeks | Serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, all-cause mortality, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. |
| Mei/2016[31] | China |
Cinacalcet 50.02 (11.17) Control 50.12 (11.34) | HD |
Cinacalcet, 25–100 mg/d, N = 118 | Placebo, N = 114 | 16 weeks | Serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, calcium phosphorus product, nausea, vomiting, and hypocalcemia. |
