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Table 1 Physio-chemical parameters of studied water samples. All concentrations are expressed in mg/l unless otherwise specified

From: Experimental rat model for acute tubular injury induced by high water hardness and high water fluoride: efficacy of primary preventive intervention by distilled water administration

Samples

pH

TDS

Alk

HD

EC (μS/cm)

F

Na+

K+

Ca2+

Mg2+

Control water

6.62

47.5

32

84

94.5

0.20

38.22

2.97

5.13

11.13

Test water

9.38a

854

284a

364a

1212

1.66a

187.11

6.65

70.00

21.17

  1. TDS-total dissolved solid; Alk-total alkalinity; HD-total hardness; EC-electrical conductivity
  2. aComparatively higher from WHO standard limits
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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