Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with and without incidentchronic kidney disease (CKD) at follow-up
Characteristic | Total (n = 3266) | Without incident CKD (n = 2676) | With incident CKD (n = 590) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 50 ± 10 | 50 ± 10 | 53 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
Female sex, n (%) | 1805 (55.3) | 1392 (52.0) | 413 (70.0) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.5 | 24.5 ± 3.5 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 87.2 ± 9.3 | 86.8 ± 9.2 | 89.1 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 137.2 ± 20.7 | 134.9 ± 19.5 | 147.5 ± 22.7 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.3 ± 11.7 | 76.4 ± 11.2 | 81.1 ± 13.0 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.56 ± 0.91 | 4.53 ± 0.90 | 4.72 ± 0.95 | < 0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.28 | 1.28 ± 0.28 | 1.26 ± 0.31 | 0.167 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.68 ± 0.63 | 2.65 ± 0.63 | 2.80 ± 0.64 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.24 (0.87–1.79) | 1.20 (0.85–1.73) | 1.42 (0.98–2.08) | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.49 (5.16–5.89) | 5.48 (5.14–5.86) | 5.58 (5.24–6.08) | < 0.001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.80 (0.37–2.05) | 0.75 (0.35–1.88) | 1.17 (0.49–2.75) | < 0.001 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 4.78 ± 1.19 | 4.77 ± 1.17 | 4.82 ± 1.27 | 0.340 |
Creatinine (mmol/L) | 70.9 ± 9.9 | 71.1 ± 9.8 | 70.2 ± 10.3 | 0.081 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 102.6 ± 16.1 | 103.3 ± 16.3 | 99.6 ± 14.8 | < 0.001 |
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 6.89 (3.42–12.60) | 6.60 (3.30–12.10) | 8.52 (4.32–15.33) | < 0.001 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 890 (27.3) | 786 (29.4) | 104 (17.6) | < 0.001 |
Current drinker, n (%) | 610 (18.7) | 543 (20.3) | 67 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
Regular consumption of fresh fruits, n (%) | 315 (9.6) | 280 (10.5) | 35 (5.9) | 0.006 |
Regular consumption of fresh vegetables, n (%) | 3245 (99.4) | 2659 (99.4) | 586 (99.3) | 0.907 |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Illiterate | 398 (12.2) | 280 (10.5) | 118 (20.0) | |
Primary School | 1704 (52.2) | 1392 (52.0) | 312 (52.9) | |
Junior high | 1062 (32.5) | 915 (34.2) | 147 (24.9) | |
Senior high | 102 (3.1) | 89 (3.3) | 13 (2.2) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.856 | |||
Low | 595 (18.2) | 483 (18.0) | 112 (19.0) | |
Moderate | 409 (12.5) | 337 (12.6) | 72 (12.2) | |
High | 2262 (69.3) | 1856 (69.4) | 406 (68.8) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1488 (45.6) | 1099 (41.1) | 389 (65.9) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 161 (4.9) | 88 (3.3) | 73 (12.4) | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 234 (7.2) | 185 (6.9) | 49 (8.3) | 0.235 |
Use of antihypertensive agents, n (%) | 600 (18.4) | 409 (15.3) | 191 (32.4) | < 0.001 |
Use of lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 58 (1.8) | 45 (1.7) | 13 (2.2) | 0.385 |
Use of anti-diabetic agents, n (%) | 44 (1.3) | 23 (0.9) | 21 (3.6) | < 0.001 |