Table 2 Exercise training parameters

Hellberg [26] Sweden (2019)

E1: ST + ET

ST: RPE 13–17

ST: 90 min/w

12 mo

ST: 3 times/w

HB /nearby gym

NO

YES

ET: Walking, running, cycling, and rowing etc.

ET: RPE 13–15

ET: 30 min, 60 min/w

ET: 2 times/w

(Vigorous)

ST: Quadriceps extension, hamstrings curl, lats-pull down, etc. 2–3 sets of 10 repetitions.

E2: BT + ET

ST: RPE 13–17

BT: 90 min/w

12 mo

BT: 3 times/w

ET: The same to E1.

BT: RPE 13–17

ET: 30 min, 60 min/w

ET: 2 times/w

BT: Static and dynamic balance exercises (maintaining balance while standing with feet together, standing on one leg, etc.) 10 repetitions, 2–3 sets.

(Vigorous)

Liang [27] China (2016)

E1: AE

E1: 50%

AE: 30 min

3 mo

3 times/w

Unclear

Unclear

NO

5 min warm up, ride a bike, 5 min of relaxation.

VO₂peak

RPE 12–13 (Moderate)

RE: 10 s/actions, 10 times/actions

E2: AE + RE

E2: 50% VO₂peak

5 min warm up, ride a bike plus thera-band resistance training.

RPE 12–13

(Moderate)

Aoike [28] Brizal (2017)

E1: HB AE

AE: Walking.

E1: 40–60% VO₂peak

(Moderate)

AE: 30 min,

Puls 10 min/4 w

3 mo

3 times/w

HB+ CB

YES

NO

E2: CB AE

AE: Walking on a treadmill.

E2: 40–60% VO₂peak (Moderate)

Leehey [29] The USA (2009)

E: AE

E: 20–60% VO₂peak

30 min

6 mo

3 times/w

CB+ HB

YES (6 w)

NO (18 w)

(Mixed)

NO

AE: Walking on a treadmill. Warm-up, range-of-motion exercises, interval training, cool-down, and post-exercise range-of-motion exercises.

(Moderate)

Plus 5 min/2 w

Hiraki [30] Japan (2017)

E: AE + RE

E: RPE

AE: 30 min/8000

12 mo

3 times/w

HB

NO

YES

AE: Walking.

(Moderate)

−10,000 steps

RE: Handgrip strengthening device squats and calf raises 20–30 repetitions per exercise.

RE: 20–30 min

Leehey [31] The USA (2016)

E: AE + RE + diet (Nutritional counselling)

E: 25–84% VO₂peak

AE: 60 min

13 mo

60 min/time- 3 times/w

HB

YES

NO

(Vigorous)

RE: 20–30 min

30 min/time- 6 times/w

AE: Interval training on a treadmill.

HB (AE + RE):

RE: An elliptical trainer and cycle ergometer progressive resistance lower body exercise using elastic bands, hand-held weights or weight machine.

30 min/time, or 60 min/time

Pechter [32] Estonia (2003)

E: AE

E: Low intensity

30 min

3 mo

2 times/w

Unclear

Unclear

N0

AE: Water-based, vertically in the pool with total immersion (water temperature, 24 °C), 10 min warm-up exercises with gradually increasing intensity, 10 min cooling-down exercise.

Viana [33] England (2014)

E: AE

E: RPE 12–14

30 min

6 mo

5 times/w

HB

YES

NO

AE: walking.

(Moderate)

Nylen [34] The USA (2015)

E1: AE + RE

E1: 50–80% HRR

60 min

3 mo

Unclear

Unclear

YES

NO

AE + RE: 1 h session conclude that warm-up and cool-down and 30 min of combined aerobic and resistance training.

(Vigorous)

E2: The same to E1.

E2: 50–80% HRR

60 min

3 mo

Unclear

(Vigorous)

E3: The same to E1.

E3: 50–80% HRR

60 min

3 mo

Unclear

(Vigorous)

Hamada [35] Japan (2016)

E: AE + RE

RE: 3–4 METS

90–120 min

6 mo

6 session/month

HB

Unclear

NO

AE + RE: Resistance and effective walking.

AE: 12–14 RPE

(Moderate)

Zhang [36] China (2018)

E:AE + RE

IPAQ

30 min

6 mo

3 times/w

HB

Unclear

NO

Regular walking, yoga, aerobic gymnastics, biking, etc.

(Vigorous)

One or more forms of the aerobic and resistance exercise items.