Table 1 Characteristics of 1111 patients at risk of AKI after nephrectomy in development cohort
From: Acute kidney injury after nephrectomy: a new nomogram to predict postoperative renal function
Variables | Total no. (%) | No AKI no. (%) | AKI no. (%) | t/χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No.of patients | 1111 (100) | 875 (78.76) | 236 (21.24) | – | – |
Age, y, mean (SD) | 55.17 (12.59) | 54.56 (12.49) | 57.47 (12.70) | 3.17 | 0.002 |
Gender | |||||
 Female | 472 (42.48) | 398 (45.49) | 74 (31.36) | 15.19 | < 0.001 |
 Male | 639 (57.52) | 477 (54.51) | 162 (68.64) |  |  |
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 25.12 (3.33) | 25.00 (3.33) | 25.56 (3.28) | 2.28 | 0.023 |
Procedure | |||||
 Partial nephrectomy | 360 (32.40) | 314 (35.89) | 46 (19.49) | 22.81 | < 0.001 |
 Radical nephrectomy | 751 (67.60) | 561 (64.11) | 190 (80.51) |  |  |
Approach | |||||
 Laparoscopic | 821 (73.90) | 647 (73.94) | 174 (73.73) | 0.26 | 0.877 |
 Open | 204 (18.36) | 162 (18.51) | 42 (17.80) |  |  |
 Robotic | 86 (7.74) | 66 (7.54) | 20 (8.47) |  |  |
Baseline laboratory values | |||||
 Mean PLT, × 109/L (SD) | 245.45 (76.70) | 246.48 (76.89) | 241.60 (76.07) | 0.87 | 0.390 |
 Mean FIB, g/L (SD) | 3.18 (1.04) | 3.18 (1.07) | 3.21 (0.96) | 0.37 | 0.712 |
 Mean PCT, ng/ml (SD) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.55 | 0.582 |
 Mean MPV, fl (SD) | 9.83 (1.05) | 9.81 (1.06) | 9.88 (1.00) | 0.84 | 0.402 |
 Mean Hb, g/L (SD) | 135.90 (19.70) | 135.92 (19.28) | 135.80 (21.22) | 0.08 | 0.930 |
 Mean MCHC, g/L (SD) | 333.72 (12.62) | 333.88 (12.60) | 333.15 (12.71) | 0.78 | 0.434 |
 Mean MCH, pg (SD) | 29.82 (2.36) | 29.84 (2.32) | 30.05 (2.50) | 1.34 | 0.181 |
 Mean MCV, fL (SD) | 89.42 (5.57) | 89.23 (5.44) | 90.11 (6.02) | 2.15 | 0.032 |
 Mean ALT, U/L (SD) | 21.33 (15.91) | 21.30 (16.23) | 21.46 (14.67) | 0.14 | 0.886 |
 Mean AST, U/L (SD) | 18.32 (8.78) | 18.41 (9.35) | 17.80 (6.23) | 0.64 | 0.520 |
 Mean STB, μmol/L (SD) | 14.98 (6.57) | 14.94 (6.57) | 15.10 (6.58) | 0.33 | 0.740 |
 Mean CHOL, mmol/L (SD) | 5.02 (1.10) | 5.06 (1.11) | 4.88 (1.05) | 2.20 | 0.028 |
 Mean TG, mmol/L (SD) | 1.41 (1.09) | 1.38 (1.07) | 1.51 (1.16) | 1.60 | 0.111 |
 Mean TP, g/L (SD) | 68.77 (6.03) | 69.00 (6.01) | 67.90 (6.03) | 2.51 | 0.012 |
 Mean ALB, g/L (SD) | 40.06 (4.62) | 40.20 (4.62) | 39.51 (4.57) | 2.04 | 0.041 |
 Mean ALP, U/L (SD) | 75.05 (35.52) | 74.12 (34.04) | 78.46 (40.44) | 1.67 | 0.096 |
 Mean LDH, U/L (SD) | 164.75 (60.47) | 163.69 (63.09) | 168.67 (49.47) | 1.29 | 0.198 |
 Mean HDL, mmol/L (SD) | 1.36 (0.34) | 1.38 (0.34) | 1.30 (0.32) | 3.36 | 0.001 |
 Mean TT%, % (SD) | 1.07 (0.10) | 1.07 (0.10) | 1.07 (0.09) | 0.46 | 0.646 |
 Mean TT, s (SD) | 14.66 (2.05) | 14.75 (2.12) | 14.36 (1.74) | 2.60 | 0.009 |
 Mean GLU, mmol/L (SD) | 5.58 (1.87) | 5.59 (1.95) | 5.55 (1.53) | 0.24 | 0.811 |
 Mean HCT, % (SD) | 40.48 (5.55) | 40.49 (5.43) | 40.45 (5.97) | 0.10 | 0.921 |
 Mean UA, μmol/L (SD) | 320.69 (90.15) | 317.21 (89.77) | 333.60 (90.60) | 2.47 | 0.014 |
 Mean SBP, mmHg (SD) | 130.30 (17.37) | 129.64 (17.17) | 132.76 (17.93) | 2.45 | 0.014 |
 Mean DBP, mmHg (SD) | 81.11 (10.97) | 80.93 (10.73) | 81.80 (11.84) | 1.09 | 0.276 |
Preoperative eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | |||||
< 60 | 127 (11.43) | 96 (10.97) | 31 (13.14) | 36.41 | < 0.001 |
≥60 | 984 (88.57) | 779 (89.03) | 205 (86.86) |  |  |
Comorbidities | |||||
 Hypertension | 333 (29.97) | 242 (27.66) | 91 (38.56) | 10.53 | 0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 131 (11.79) | 100 (11.43) | 31 (13.14) | 0.52 | 0.471 |
 CHD | 85 (7.65) | 63 (7.20) | 22 (9.32) | 1.19 | 0.276 |
 PU | 46 (4.14) | 35 (4.00) | 11 (4.66) | 0.21 | 0.651 |
 FLD | 53 (4.77) | 39 (4.46) | 14 (5.93) | 0.89 | 0.345 |
 CKD | 5 (0.45) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (2.12) | 18.62 | < 0.001 |
 Cystic kidney disease | 135 (12.15) | 105 (12.00) | 30 (12.71) | 0.09 | 0.766 |
 Renal calculi | 126 (11.34) | 119 (13.60) | 7 (2.97) | 20.90 | < 0.001 |
 Hydronephrosis | 107 (9.63) | 101 (11.54) | 6 (2.54) | 17.30 | < 0.001 |
Drugs | |||||
 ACEIs/ARBs | 123 (11.07) | 92 (10.51) | 31 (13.14) | 1.30 | 0.255 |
 CCB | 249 (22.41) | 178 (20.34) | 71 (30.08) | 10.14 | 0.001 |
 β-adrenergic antagonists | 469 (42.21) | 371 (42.40) | 98 (41.53) | 0.06 | 0.809 |
 NSAIDs | 263 (23.67) | 208 (23.77) | 55 (23.31) | 0.02 | 0.881 |
 Aspirin | 174 (15.66) | 129 (14.74) | 45 (19.07) | 2.63 | 0.105 |
 Aminoglycoside antibiotics | 53 (4.77) | 11 (4.66) | 42 (4.80) | 0.01 | 0.929 |
 Quinolones | 158 (14.22) | 131 (14.97) | 27 (11.44) | 1.90 | 0.168 |
 β-Lactams | 258 (23.22) | 199 (22.74) | 59 (25.00) | 0.53 | 0.466 |
 PPI | 1086 (97.75) | 856 (97.83) | 230 (97.46) | 0.12 | 0.733 |
 Metformin | 35 (3.15) | 26 (2.97) | 9 (3.81) | 0.43 | 0.511 |
Life style | |||||
 Alcohol | 321 (28.89) | 233 (26.63) | 88 (37.29) | 10.28 | 0.001 |
 Smoking | 375 (33.75) | 286 (32.69) | 89 (37.71) | 2.10 | 0.147 |
Insurance status | |||||
 Yes | 979 (88.12) | 772 (88.23) | 207 (87.71) | 0.05 | 0.828 |
 No | 132 (11.88) | 103 (11.77) | 29 (12.29) |  |  |
Length of hospital stay | 10.99 (3.80) | 11.07 (3.60) | 10.69 (4.45) | 2.86 | 0.004 |
Prognosis | |||||
 AKD | 127 (11.43) | 63 (7.20) | 64 (27.12) | 72.84 | < 0.001 |
 CKD | 96 (8.64) | 52 (5.94) | 44 (18.64) | 37.98 | < 0.001 |
 Hospital readmission | 142 (12.78) | 74 (8.46) | 68 (28.81) | 69.09 | < 0.001 |