Table 2 Summary data of all sepsis patients who developed AKI from included studies

Septic AKI

22

41.98% (16,399/39067)

12

60.47%(12,678/20965)

5

38.92% (768/1570)

Sex (male)

22

63.68% (1380/2167)

11

59.64% (3191/5350)

5

64.45% (495/768)

 Hypertension

14

42.28% (859/1817)

6

26.16% (1073/4102)

5

58.07% (446/768)

 Diabetes mellitus

13

20.53% (373/1817)

7

26.75% (1897/7091)

5

30.20% (232/768)

 Stroke

1

22.33% (67/300)

–

–

1

17.78% (8/45)

 Cancer

–

–

2

18.80% (650/3458)

1

16.33% (8/49)

 Chronic kidney disease

7

15.52% (178/1147)

2

45.13% (102/226)

2

11.02% (65/590)

 Cardiovascula disease

4

19.47% (169/868)

–

–

1

7.00% (3/45)

 Congestive heart failure

2

17.26% (39/226)

4

12.64% (446/3529)

1

8.80% (6/68)

 COPD

6

12.69% (90/709)

5

12.99% (873/6721)

1

5.20% (25/437)

 Hepatic failure

2

39.76% (134/337)

1

9.90% (290/2917)

3

12.61% (83/658)

 Coronary artery disease

4

10.14% (88/868)

2

9.30% (274/2946)

1

6.15% (4/65)

 Systolic heart failure

1

8.00% (24/300)

2

14.32% (59/412)

1

11.90% (52/437)

 Immnosuppression

2

12.74% (1300/14204)

3

15.80% (550/3481)

1

7.20% (35/437)

 Cirrhosis

1

1.73% (7/405)

2

7.50% (59/787)

–

–

 Liver disease

3

3.57% (509/14282)

1

8.73% (22/252)

2

8.59% (17/198)

 Emergency admission

2

50.90% (7298/14339)

2

41.46% (1314/3169)

2

97.12% (573/590)

 Medical admission

3

49.16% (6938/14112)

2

36.99% (1311/3544)

–

–

 Operative admission

1

22.33% (67/300)

1

23.02% (58/252)

2

28.81% (170/590)

 Surgical ward

3

16.51% (2375/14388)

3

21.29% (1380/6482)

–

–

 Pulmonary

8

57.96% (448/773)

5

41.10% (603/1467)

3

48.02% (316/658)

 Respiratory

2

41.22% (54/131)

2

32.74% (74/226)

2

26.36% (29/110)

 Abdominal

7

32.12% (177/551)

7

28.16% (1253/4450)

5

28.65% (220/768)

 Urinary tract

6

12.01% (58/483)

6

11.34% (483/4259)

5

11.38% (80/703)

 Skin or soft tissue

3

2.15% (5/232)

4

5.40% (218/4033)

3

10.71% (68/635)

 Unknow

–

–

2

8.30% (73/879)

–

–

 Community acquired

–

–

1

56.80% (1657/2917)

2

65.08% (384/590)

 Nosocomial acquired

–

–

2

39.81% (2474/6215)

–

–

 Vasopressors

3

45.04% (100/222)

2

59.38% (513/864)

–

–

 vasoactive drugs

2

35.69% (131/367)

1

67.50% (108/160)

2

96.44% (569/590)

 Steroids

2

38.16% (79/207)

–

–

–

–

 Diuretics

–

–

1

39.40% (97/252)

2

30.85% (182/590)

 ACEI or ARB

1

18.41% (58/315)

3

24.97% (200/801)

3

33.59% (220/655)

 Stains

–

–

2

24.13% (118/489)

1

15.79% (69/437)

 Nsaids

1

16.19% (51/315)

2

11.45% (56/489)

2

12.54% (74/590)

 Gram-negative bacteria

–

–

1

22.3% (49/225)

–

–

 Gram-positive bacteria

1

18.20% (4/22)

1

28.6% (63/225)

–

–

 Mechanical ventilation

7

49.17% (415/844)

6

71.21% (5481/7643)

4

75.25% (529/703)

 renal replacement therapy

1

36.53% (19/52)

1

18.18% (12/66)

–

–

 Dialysis

2

35.04% (48/137)

–

–

–

–

 Blood transfusion

1

7.64% (11/144)

2

27.39% (3/303)

–

–

 Organ transplant

–

–

2

3.94% (245/6215)

1

1.60% (7/437)

Positive blood culture

–

–

4

42.89% (2836/6612)

2

30.29% (146/482)

Bloodstream infection

1

17.31% (9/52)

1

7.40% (216/2917)

1

4.70% (6/437)

Smoke history

2

40.42% (291/720)

–

–

1

32.35% (22/68)

ARDS

1

81.19% (82/101)

2

43.34% (407/939)

–

–

Multiorgan dysfunction (≥3)

1

70.48% (222/315)

–

–

–

–

 ICU mortality

2

50.00% (46/92)

4

50.47% (1672/3313)

1

35.38% (23/65)

 Hospital mortality

7

42.17% (245/581)

3

55.83% (1935/3466)

1

29.29% (128/437)

 28-day mortality

1

30.61% (15/49)

1

71.42% (90/126)

–

–

 90-day morality

–

–

1

58.42% (1704/2917)

2

40.0% (236/590)