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Table 3 Associations between sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (fully adjusted) after removal of those with hypertension, diabetes and proteinuria, Area 25 (n = 243) and Bonje (n = 578)

From: Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in Malawi: a cross-sectional analysis in a rural and urban population

Variable

Bonje

Bonje

Area 25

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

eGFR

eGFR < 90

eGFR

Coefficient (95%CI);

Coefficient (95%CI)a;

Coefficient (95%CI)a;

Age

 Per 10-year increase

−9.00 (−9.79, −8.22)

3.09 (2.12, 4.59)

− 8.14 (− 10.61, −6.23)

Sex

 Male

−0.10 (−2.45, 2.23)

1.55 (0.37, 8.28)

− 1.62 (− 5.29, 2.05)

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Education (years)

 ≤ 5

4.19 (0.39, 7.99)

0.92 (0.17, 4.58)

5.59 (−2.63, 13.82)

 > 5 ≤ 10

1.65 (−0.38, 3.69)

1.04 (0.33, 3.40)

−0.62 (−5.49, 4.24)

 > 10

Ref

Ref

Ref

Occupation

 Agricultural worker

−1.04 (−3.14, 1.04)

0.45 (0.17, 1.27)

0.99 (−13.76, 15.75)

 Non-agricultural worker

Ref

Ref

Ref

Household monthly income (MK)b

 Unknown

−4.46 (−11.76, 2.82)

3.18 (0.11, 37.04)

−0.83 (− 11.10, 9.43)

 MK 0 ≤ 20,000

Ref

Ref

Ref

 MK > 20,000

0.35 (−1.67, 2.37)

1.02 (0.37, 2.73)

−1.73 (−6.45, 2.98)

BMI (kg/m2)

 5 kg/m2 increase

−0.62 (−1.97, 0.73)

1.89 (1.06, 3.81)

−1.58 (−3.54, 0.36)

Fat Free Mass (kg)

 (Per 5 kg increase)

−0.01 (− 0.07, 0.04)

0.92 (0.58, 1.01)

− 0.02 (− 0.11, 0.06)

Healthy lifestyle choices

 Non-smoker or alcohol drinker

−1.40 (−3.95, 1.13)

1.52 (0.43, 5.87)

−1.84 (−5.83, 2.14)

 Smoker and alcohol drinker

Ref

Ref

Ref

Regular meat-eater

 Yes

−0.10 (−1.77, 2.77)

1.05 (0.41, 2.93)

−1.95 (−7.38, 3.46)

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

  1. Hypertension = systolic bp ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic bp ≥90 mmHg; Diabetes = fasting glucose > = 7 mg/l; Proteinuria = ACR > =30 mg/mmol
  2. aAll variables mutually adjusted
  3. bExchange rate (MK to USD) 0.001 at time of questionnaire