Table 6 Effectiveness outcomes and timing of measurements

Primary Outcome

Self-management behavior

Survey

Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Management instrument [38, 56]

Patient

X

X

X

X

Secondary outcome

Biomedical status

Clinical records

Blood pressure, Bodyweight, Glomerular filtration rate, Serum albumin, Length, Serum calcium, Serum phosphate, Serum hemoglobin, Sodium and protein in 24 h urine, albumin/creatinine ratio, Cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein, Triglycerides, Hemoglobin A1C, Complications

Patient

X

X

X

X

Self-efficacy

Survey

Chronic Kidney Disease Self-efficacy scale [56, 59]

Patient

X

X

X

X

Illness perception

Survey

Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire [37, 60]

Patient

X

X

Quality of life

Survey

The Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36-item short-form survey [61,62,63]

Patient

X

X

Mental health

Survey

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [64]

Patient

X

X

X

Hospital admission

Survey

The time to first acute hospital admission with an exacerbation of CKD or death due to CKD within 9 months after randomization

Patient

X

Healthcare utilization

Survey

Number of hospitalizations and emergency room visits of patients, primary and secondary care visits

Patient

X

X

Cost-benefit analysis

Records

All costs delivering the interventions (e.g., materials used in the interventions)

Program, intervention group

X

X

Records

Medical cost (e.g., cost of treatment, hospitalization rates minored as monetary terms)

Patient

X

X