Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants in the CPH CKD Cohort undergoing MDCT
Variable | All participants | CKD stage 1 | CKD stage 2 | CKD stage 3 | CKD stage 4 | CKD stage 5 ND | p-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of participants (n, %) | 580 | 47 (8.1) | 91 (15.7) | 298 (51.4) | 114 (19.6) | 30 (5.2) | – |
Age (y) | 61 (48–70) | 42 (35–51) | 51 (41–63) | 63 (53–70) | 65 (55–71) | 65 (50–70) | < 0.001 |
Female sex (n, %) | 231 (39.8) | 22 (46.8) | 40 (44) | 113 (37.9) | 44 (38.6) | 12 (40) | 0.71 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (0.2) | 26.5 (0.8) | 27.4 (0.5) | 28.6 (0.3) | 28.7 (0.6) | 30.6 (1.3) | 0.007 |
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 101.2 (0.6) | 92.8 (2.3) | 99.1 (1.5) | 102.2 (0.9) | 102.3 (1.5) | 106.6 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133 (1) | 130 (3) | 127 (1) | 134 (1) | 131 (2) | 146 (3) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81 (1) | 84 (2) | 82 (1) | 81 (1) | 78 (1) | 82 (2) | 0.026 |
Type 1 diabetes (n, %) | 11 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (2.7) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes (n, %) | 103 (17.8) | 1 (2) | 3 (3) | 60 (20) | 30 (26) | 9 (30) | |
Hypertension (n, %) | 508 (87.6) | 35 (74.5) | 73 (80.2) | 269 (90.3) | 103 (90.4) | 28 (93.3) | 0.004 |
Hypercholesterolemia (n, %) | 483 (83.3) | 29 (61.7) | 78 (85.7) | 259 (86.9) | 90 (78.9) | 27 (90) | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease (n, %) | 99 (17.1) | 4 (8.5) | 6 (6.6) | 58 (19.5) | 22 (19.3) | 9 (30) | 0.006 |
Alcohol intake (units/week) | 2 (0–8) | 2 (0–7) | 2 (0–10) | 2 (0–9) | 1 (0–7) | 0 (0–3) | 0.035 |
Never smoker (n, %) | 239 (41.2) | 23 (48.9) | 39 (42.9) | 121 (40.6) | 46 (40.4) | 10 (33.3) | 0.81 |
Former smoker (n, %) | 232 (40) | 14 (29.8) | 35 (38.5) | 121 (40.6) | 46 (40.4) | 16 (53.3) | |
Current smoker (n, %) | 109 (18.8) | 10 (21.3) | 17 (18.7) | 56 (18.8) | 22 (19.3) | 4 (13.3) | |
Smoking (pack/year) | 5 (0–25) | 0 (0–15) | 2 (0–14) | 5 (0–30) | 9 (0–31) | 10 (0–30) | 0.37 |
Physical activity (n, %) | |||||||
1) Inactive | 84 (14.5) | 3 (6) | 6 (6) | 38 (13) | 26 (23) | 11 (37) | < 0.001 |
2) Low | 137 (23.6) | 5 (11) | 20 (22) | 70 (24) | 35 (31) | 7 (23) | |
3) Moderate | 292 (50.3) | 30 (64) | 46 (51) | 156 (52) | 49 (43) | 11 (37) | |
4) Vigorous | 67 (11.6) | 9 (19) | 19 (21) | 34 (11) | 4 (3) | 1 (3) | |
Medicine (n, %) | |||||||
Lipid lowering | 251 (43) | 8 (17) | 28 (31) | 147 (49) | 50 (44) | 18 (60) | < 0.001 |
Insulin | 55 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (11) | 17 (15) | 5 (17) | < 0.001 |
Oral antidiabetic | 56 (9.7) | 1 (2) | 3 (3) | 32 (11) | 16 (14) | 4 (13) | 0.03 |
Antihypertensive | 468 (80.7) | 29 (62) | 68 (75) | 249 (84) | 96 (84) | 26 (87) | 0.008 |
Warfarin | 38 (6.6) | 2 (4.3) | 5 (5.5) | 16 (5.4) | 14 (12.3) | 1 (3.3) | 0.10 |