Table 3 Percentage of adults with ≥1 day of high-dose opioid utilization (≥120MME per day) within one year of hemodialysis initiation, 2007–2014 (N = 327,344)
From: High-dose opioid utilization and mortality among individuals initiating hemodialysis
All hemodialysis patients (N = 327,344) | Hemodialysis patients with ≥ 1 opioid prescriptions (N = 232,546) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall, % | p-value* | Overall, % | p-value* | |
Prevalence of high-dose utilization | 10.2 | – | 14.4 | – |
Age (years) | ||||
18–35 | 12.1 | < 0.0001 | 16.0 | < 0.0001 |
36–50 | 13.0 | 17.0 | ||
51–65 | 11.5 | 15.8 | ||
≥ 66 | 8.3 | 12.3 | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 9.2 | < 0.0001 | 13.6 | < 0.0001 |
Male | 11.4 | 15.2 | ||
Race | ||||
Black | 9.5 | < 0.0001 | 13.0 | < 0.0001 |
White | 11.0 | 15.6 | ||
Native American/Asian | 4.6 | 7.3 | ||
Other/Unknown | 9.1 | 14.2 | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic | 10.7 | < 0.0001 | 15.1 | < 0.0001 |
Hispanic | 7.4 | 10.5 | ||
Medicare/Medicaid Eligibility | ||||
Non-Eligible | 8.6 | < 0.0001 | 13.0 | < 0.0001 |
Dual-Eligible | 12.0 | 15.7 | ||
Employment | ||||
Unemployed | 10.4 | < 0.0001 | 14.2 | < 0.0001 |
Full or Part-time | 6.1 | 9.8 | ||
Retired | 8.3 | 12.4 | ||
Retired Disabled | 14.0 | 18.3 | ||
Other | 9.3 | 13.2 | ||
Cause of ESKD | ||||
Diabetes | 10.6 | < 0.0001 | 14.5 | < 0.0001 |
Hypertension | 8.6 | 12.4 | ||
Other | 11.8 | 17.1 | ||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||
< 18.5 | 10.9 | < 0.0001 | 16.2 | < 0.0001 |
18.5–25.0 | 9.3 | 13.7 | ||
25.0–35.0 | 9.3 | 13.3 | ||
≥ 30.0 | 11.5 | 15.4 | ||
Diabetes | ||||
No | 9.4 | < 0.0001 | 13.8 | <.0001 |
Yes | 10.6 | 14.6 | ||
Cerebrovascular | ||||
No | 10.2 | 0.09 | 14.3 | 0.05 |
Yes | 10.5 | 14.8 | ||
Peripheral Vascular | ||||
No | 9.8 | < 0.0001 | 13.8 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 12.9 | 17.6 | ||
Hypertension | ||||
No | 10.7 | < 0.01 | 15.7 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 10.2 | 14.2 | ||
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary | ||||
No | 9.7 | < 0.0001 | 13.7 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 13.7 | 18.7 | ||
Tobacco Use | ||||
No | 9.5 | < 0.0001 | 13.5 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 16.0 | 20.3 | ||
Cancer | ||||
No | 9.9 | < 0.0001 | 14.0 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 13.0 | 18.5 | ||
Drug Use | ||||
No | 10.0 | < 0.0001 | 14.2 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 19.2 | 24.5 | ||
Inability to Ambulate | ||||
No | 9.9 | < 0.0001 | 13.9 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 12.8 | 18.9 | ||
Institutionalized | ||||
No | 9.8 | < 0.0001 | 13.7 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 12.2 | 18.5 | ||
U.S. Geographic Region | ||||
New England | 10.5 | < 0.0001 | 15.5 | < 0.0001 |
Mideast | 7.9 | 12.8 | ||
Great Lakes | 11.3 | 15.7 | ||
Plains | 12.6 | 16.8 | ||
Southeast | 11.0 | 14.8 | ||
Southwest | 10.3 | 13.9 | ||
Rocky Mountain | 13.4 | 18.3 | ||
Far West | 8.4 | 12.2 | ||