Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study patients
|  | Total (n = 190) |
|---|---|
Sex, men/women | 93/97 |
Age, yrs | 65.0 (8.0) |
Duration of diabetes, yrs | 7.0 (11.0) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 (5.1) |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 133.0 (22.0) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81.0 (15.0) |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 6.9 (2.2) |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 7.1 (1.7) |
C-peptide, nmol/L | 0.5 (0.4) |
20/C-peptide/fasting plasma glucose | 5.9 (4.2) |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.6) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.2 (1.1) |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.5 (0.5) |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.0 (0.9) |
Creatinine, μmol/L | 66.7 (26.6) |
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 71.7 (22.6) |
Uric acids, mmol/L | 306.3 (107.1) |
Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, mg/gCr | 20.4 (66.6) |
Diabetic nephropathy | 115/49/26 |
Normoalbuminuria | 115 (60.5) |
Microalbuminuria | 49 (25.8) |
Macroalbuminuria | 26 (13.7) |
Diabetic retinopathy, NDR/SDR/PPDR/PDR | 163/13/4/10 |
Diabetic neuropathy −/+ | 150/40 |
Never smoker | 120 (63.2) |
Ex-smoker | 39 (20.5) |
Current smoker | 31 (16.3) |
Usage of RAS inhibitors | 70 (36.8) |
Energy intake/day, kcal | 1657.4 (749.0) |
Carbohydrate intake, g/day | 200.8 (90.1) |
Protein intake, g/day | 66.8 (36.2) |
Total fat intake, g/day | 51.6 (28.4) |
Saturated fatty acids intake, g/day | 13.1 (8.2) |
Monosaturated fatty acids intake, g/day | 18.7 (10.3) |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids intake, g/day | 12.7 (5.3) |
n-3 fatty acids intake, g/day | 2.8 (1.5) |
n-6 fatty acids intake, g/day | 9.7 (5.7) |
Total fiber intake, g/day | 11.5 (7.0) |
Cholesterol intake, g/day | 388.0 (269.0) |
Alcohol intake, g/day | 0.0 (3.4) |
Sodium intake, g/day | 10.7 (5.3) |