Fig. 2

Associations between retinal microvascular parameters and measures of renal function and damage. Associations between retinal microvascular parameters (Z scores) and a: ACR > 3 mg/mmol; b: eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m² (combined CKD-EPI for both serum creatinine and serum cystatin C); c: ACR > 3 mg/mmol and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m² combined CKD-EPI for both serum creatinine and serum cystatin C), for Model 2 (adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure-lowering medication usage, presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking history (as a binary variable, ever smoked versus never smoked), ethnicity (as a binary variable, white ethnicity versus non-white ethnicity), and alcohol consumption (ever versus never)).*Association significant at the p < 0.05 level. ACR: albumin to creatinine ratio; CRAE: central retina arteriolar equivalent; CRVE: central retinal venular equivalent; AVR: arteriovenous ratio; FDa/v: arteriolar/venular fractal dimension; Torta/v: arteriolar/venular tortuosity. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals