Table 3 Biological characteristics of the study population stratified by site and sex
Characteristics | Overall n = 1317 | Rural n = 730 | Urban n = 587 | P-value | Male n = 515 | Female n = 802 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRP (mg/L), n (%) | 0.74 | ||||||
< 3 | 883 (73) | 485 (70.7) | 398 (76.1) | 0.036 | 343 (72.5) | 540 (73.4) | |
≥ 3 | 326 (27) | 201 (29.3) | 125 (23.9) | 130 (27.5) | 196(26.3) | ||
TSH (mU/L) | 1.48 (1-2.2) | 1.47 (0.9–2.3) | 1.48 (1.01-2) | 1.6 (1.07–2.45) | 1.39 (0.92–1.98) | ||
Kidney markers | |||||||
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.89 ± 0.49 | 0.87 ± 0.49 | 0.92 ± 0.49 | 0.07 | 0.98 ± 0.51 | 0.83 ± 0.46 | < 0.001 |
Serum cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.93 ± 0.28 | 0.93 ± 0.28 | 0.93 ± 0.29 | 0.49 | 0.96 ± 0.31 | 0.90 ± 0.27 | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||||
CKD-EPI creatinine | 94.6 ± 22.7 | 94.8 ± 22.8 | 94.4 ± 22.7 | 0.77 | 97.3 ± 22.2 | 92.8 ± 22.9 | < 0.001 |
CKD-EPI cystatin C | 92.6 ± 21.1 | 91.5 ± 21.1 | 94.1 ± 21.1 | 0.03 | 92.1 ± 21.1 | 92.9 ± 21.1 | 0.54 |
CKD-EPI combined | 100.4 ± 21.6 | 100.1 ± 21.7 | 100.9 ± 21.6 | 0.51 | 101.9 ± 21.2 | 99.4 ± 21.9 | 0.05 |
eGFR < 60 mL/1.73m2), n (%) | |||||||
CKD-EPI creatinine | 67 (5.43) | 34 (4.89) | 33 (6.12) | 0.34 | 17 (3.48) | 50 (6.7) | 0.014 |
CKD-EPI cystatin C | 80 (6.73) | 48 (7.06) | 32 (6.29) | 0.599 | 30 (6.42) | 50 (6.93) | 0.736 |
CKD-EPI combined | 56 (4.72) | 27 (3.97) | 29 (5.73) | 0.157 | 18 (3.85) | 38 (5.29) | 0.256 |
Urine Dipstick analysis | |||||||
Dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + | 109 (9.6) | 86 (13.1) | 23 (4.8) | < 0.001 | 53 (11.3) | 56 (8.4) | 0.10 |
pH, n(%) | |||||||
< 6.5 | 360 (27.8) | 118 (16.41) | 242 (41.9) | < 0.001 | 130 (25.64) | 230 (29.11) | 0.078 |
6.5-7.0 | 390 (30.1) | 199 (27.7) | 191 (33.1) | 0.02 | 150 (29.59) | 240 (30.38) | 0.762 |
≥ 7.5 | 547 (42.2) | 402 (55.9) | 145 (25.1) | < 0.001 | 227 (44.77) | 320 (40.51) | 0.129 |
Specific gravity,n(%) | < 0.001 | 0.024 | |||||
< 1.010 | 191 (14.7) | 148 (20.6) | 43 (7.5) | 71 (14.7) | 120 (15.2) | ||
1.010–1.020 | 737 (56.8) | 446 (61.9) | 291 (50.4) | 311 (61.3) | 426 (53.9) | ||
>1.020 | 369 (28.4) | 126 (17.5) | 243 (42.1) | 125 (24.6) | 244 (30.9) | ||
Quantitative urinalysis | |||||||
Urine creatinine, mg/L (IQR) | 156 (100–226) | 147(91.7-214.7) | 178 (124–240) | 173(106–246) | 149 (97–113) | ||
Urine albumin, mg/L (IQR) | 5.4 (2.4–12.4) | 4.9 (2.3–11.3) | 6 (2.8–13) | 4.2 (2.1–9.5) | 6.1(2.9–13.6) | ||
uACR ,mg/g (IQR) | 3.5 (2.0-7.2) | 3.7(2.1–7.3) | 3.2 (1.8–7.1) | 2.7 (1.6–5.4) | 4.1 (1.5–8.2) | ||
ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, n = 1070 | 71 (6.6) | 38 (6) | 33 (7.6) | 0.31 | 25 (5.9) | 46 (7.1) | 0.431 |